Wars of Alexander the Great Battle of Gaugamela

The Battle of Gaugamela was fought on October 1, 331 BC, during the Wars of Alexander the Great (335-323 BC). Armies and Commanders Macedonians Alexander the GreatApprox. 47,000 men Persians Darius IIIApprox. 53,000-100,000 men Background Having beaten the Persians at Issus in 333 BC, Alexander the Great moved to secure his hold on Syria, the Mediterranean coast, and Egypt. Having completed these efforts, he again looked east with the goal of toppling Darius IIIs Persian Empire. Marching into Syria, Alexander crossed the Euphrates and Tigris without opposition in 331. Desperate to halt the Macedonian advance, Darius scoured his empire for resources and men. Gathering them near Arbela, he chose a wide plain for the battlefield  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  as he felt that it would facilitate the use of his chariots and elephants, as well as allow his greater numbers to bear. Alexanders Plan Advancing to within four miles of the Persian position, Alexander made camp and met with his commanders. In the course of the talks, Parmenion suggested that the army launch a night attack on the Persians as Darius host outnumbered them. This was dismissed by Alexander as the plan of an ordinary general. He instead outlined an attack for the next day. His decision proved correct, as Darius had anticipated a nighttime assault and kept his men awake through the night in anticipation. Moving out the next morning, Alexander arrived on the field and deployed his infantry into two phalanxes, one in front of the other. Setting the Stage On the right of the front phalanx was Alexanders Companion cavalry, along with additional light infantry. To the left, Parmenion led additional cavalry and light infantry. Supporting the front lines were cavalry and light infantry units, which were echeloned back at 45-degree angles. In the coming fight, Parmenion was to lead the left in a holding action while Alexander led the right in striking a battle-winning blow. Across the field, Darius deployed the bulk of his infantry in a long line, with his cavalry to the front. In the center, he surrounded himself with his best cavalry along with the famed Immortals. Having chosen the ground to facilitate the use of his scythed chariots, he ordered these units placed at the front of the army. Command of the left flank was given to Bessus, while the right was assigned to Mazaeus. Due to the size of the Persian army, Alexander anticipated that Darius would be able to flank his men as they advanced. To counter this, orders were issued that the second Macedonian line should counter any flanking units as the situation dictated. The Battle of Gaugamela With his men in place, Alexander ordered an advance on the Persian line with his men moving obliquely to the right as they marched forward. As the Macedonians neared the enemy, he began extending his right with the goal of drawing the Persian cavalry in that direction and creating a gap between them and Darius center. With the enemy bearing down, Darius attacked with his chariots. These raced forward but were defeated by Macedonian javelins, archers, and new infantry tactics designed to lessen their impact. The Persian elephants also had little effect, as the massive animals moved to avoid the enemy spears. As the lead phalanx engaged the Persian infantry, Alexander focused his attention on the far right. Here, he began pulling men from his rearguard to continue the fight on the flank, while he disengaged his Companions and gathered other units to strike Darius position. Advancing with his men and forming a wedge, Alexander angled left toward the flank of Darius center. Supported by peltasts (light infantry with slings and bows) which kept the Persian cavalry at bay, Alexanders cavalry rode down on the Persian line as a gap opened between Darius and Bessus men. Striking through the gap, the Macedonians shattered Darius royal guard and adjacent formations. With the troops in the immediate area retreating, Darius fled the field and was followed by the bulk of his army. Cut off on the Persian left, Bessus began withdrawing with his men. With Darius fleeing before him, Alexander was prevented from pursuing due to desperate messages for aid from Parmenion. Under heavy pressure from Mazaeus, Parmenions right had become separated from the rest of the Macedonian army. Exploiting this gap, Persian cavalry units passed through the Macedonian line. Fortunately for Parmenion, these forces elected to continue on to loot the Macedonian camp rather than attack his rear. While Alexander circled back to aid the Macedonian left, Parmenion turned the tide and succeeded in driving back Mazaeus men who fled the field. He also was able to direct troops to clear the Persian cavalry from the rear. Aftermath of Gaugamela As with most battles from this period, casualties for Gaugamela are not known with any certainty  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  though sources indicate that Macedonian losses may have been around 4,000, while Persian losses may have been as high as 47,000. In the wake of the fighting, Alexander pursued Darius while Parmenion rounded up the riches of the Persian baggage train. Darius succeeded in escaping to Ecbatana and Alexander turned south, capturing Babylon, Susa, and the Persian capital of Persepolis. Within a year, the Persians turned on Darius. Conspirators led by Bessus killed him. With Darius death, Alexander considered himself the rightful ruler of the Persian Empire and began campaigning to eliminate the threat posed by Bessus. Source Porter, Barry. Battle of Gaugamela: Alexander Versus Darius. HistoryNet, 2019.

The Policing Function At The Local, State, And Federal...

In this paper I would be identifying, compare, and contrast the policing function at the local, state, and federal organizational levels. I would be Analyzing how the organizational, management, administration, and operational functions at these three organizational levels are similar or different and why. Also I would be identifying the leadership characteristics and responsibilities pertaining to each organizational level. Numerous police agency’s and police officials work on a distinctive local, state, and federal level and role. It has its individual area, sectors, and function, and work according to local streets parts inside policing. In order for any local, state, and federal police division to work successfully it must hire chiefs, deputy’s, and sheriffs who retain leadership and who uses creative thinking skills to teach comprehensive, and aggressive instruction to make the police division a tougher department by holding all its workers tasks for doing his or her job according to its agency’s guidelines and procedures known as code of conduct. â€Å"Municipal police work for municipalities such as towns or cities, county police and deputy sheriffs work for counties, state police work for states, and federal police work for the federal government. Some have the same duties as one another or very similar duties, and some have different or additional duties. Their jurisdiction is sometimes the main difference. 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I also will be addressing the roles and functions of police organizations and their role as it applies to the law. Finally, I will identify the major organizational theories associated with policing. â€Å"There are just under 18,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States. This includes 12,656 local police, 3,061 sheriff’s departments, 49 state police agencies, 1,376 special police agencies, and 45 federal agencies† (Katz, 2008). At the local level, youRead MorePolicing Functions1089 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Policing Functions Mathew Scherer CJA/394 February 10, 2014 Mr. David Kurylowicz Policing Functions Law enforcement in the United States consists of local municipal, county, state, and federal agencies. These agencies make up a very large and very complex enterprise. Throughout the United States, there are almost 18,000 different law enforcement agencies at the local, county, state, and federal levels. 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A Dirty Job Chapter 19 Free Essays

19 We’re OKAY, AS LONG AS THINGS DON’T GET WEIRD ALVIN AND MOHAMMED When Charlie arrived home from his mother’s funeral, he was met at the door by two very large, very enthusiastic canines, who, undistracted by keeping watch over Sophie’s love hostage, were now able to visit the full measure of their affection and joy upon their returning master. It is generally agreed, and in fact stated in the bylaws of the American Kennel Club, that you have not been truly dog-humped until you have been double-dog-humped by a pair of four-hundred-pound hounds from hell (Section 5, paragraph 7: Standards of Humping and Ass-dragging). And despite having used an extra-strength antiperspirant that very morning before leaving Sedona, Charlie found that getting poked repeatedly in the armpits by two damp devil-dog dicks was leaving him feeling less than fresh. We will write a custom essay sample on A Dirty Job Chapter 19 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Sophie, call them off. Call them off.† â€Å"The puppies are dancing with Daddy.† Sophie giggled. â€Å"Dance, Daddy!† Mrs. Ling covered Sophie’s eyes to shield her from the abomination of her father’s unwilling journey into bestiality. â€Å"Go wash hands, Sophie. Have lunch while you daddy make nasty with shiksas.† Mrs. Ling couldn’t help but do a quick appraisal of the monetary value of the slippery red dogwoods currently pummeling her landlord’s oxford-cloth shirt like piston-driven leviathan lipsticks. The herbalist in Chinatown would pay a fortune for a powder made from the desiccated members of Alvin and Mohammed. (The men of her homeland would go to any length to enhance their virility, including grinding up endangered species and brewing them in tea, not unlike certain American presidents, who believe there is no stiffy like the one you get from bombing a few thousand foreigners.) Yet it appeared that the desiccated-dog-dick fortune would remain unclaimed. Mrs. Ling had long ago given up on collecting hellhound bits, when after trying to dispatch Alvin with a sharp and ringing blow to the cranium from her cast-iron skillet, he bit the skillet off its handle, crunched it down in a slurry of dog drool and iron filings, and then sat up and begged for seconds. â€Å"Throw some water on them!† Charlie cried. â€Å"Down, doggies. Good doggies. Oh, yuck.† Mrs. Ling was galvanized into action by Charlie’s distress call, and timing her move with the oscillating pyramid of man and dog meat in the doorway, dashed by Charlie, into the hallway, and down the steps. LILY Lily came up the stairs and skidded to a stop on the hallway carpet when she saw the hellhounds pounding away at Charlie. â€Å"Oh, Asher, you sick bastard!† â€Å"Help,† Charlie said. Lily pulled the fire extinguisher off the wall, dragged it to the doorway, pulled the pin, and proceeded to unload on the bouncing trio. Two minutes later Charlie was collapsed in a frosty heap on the threshold and Alvin and Mohammed were locked in Charlie’s bedroom, where they were joyfully chewing away on the expended fire extinguisher. Lily had lured them in there when they had tried to bite the CO2 stream, seeming to enjoy the freezing novelty of it over the welcome-home humping they were giving Charlie. â€Å"You okay?† Lily said. She was wearing one of her chef coats over a red leather skirt and knee-high platform boots. â€Å"It’s been kind of a rough week,† Charlie said. She helped him to his feet, trying to avoid touching the damp spots on his shirt. Charlie did a controlled fall toward the couch. Lily helped him land, ending with one arm pinned awkwardly under his back. â€Å"Thanks,† Charlie said. There was still frost in his hair and eyelashes from the fire extinguisher. â€Å"Asher,† Lily said, trying not to look him in the eye. â€Å"I’m not comfortable with this, but I think, given the situation, that it’s time I said something.† â€Å"Okay, Lily. You want some coffee?† â€Å"No. Please shut up. Thank you.† She paused and took a deep breath, but did not extricate her arm from behind Charlie’s back. â€Å"You have been good to me over the years, and although I would not admit this to anyone else, I probably wouldn’t have finished school or turned out as well as I have if it hadn’t been for your influence.† Charlie was still trying to see, blinking away ice crystals on his eyelids, thinking that maybe his eyeballs were frostbitten. â€Å"It was nothing,† he said. â€Å"Please, please, shut up,† Lily said. Another deep breath. â€Å"You have always been decent to me, despite what I would call some of my bitchier moments, and in spite of the fact that you are some dark death dude, and probably had other things to worry about – sorry about your mom, by the way.† â€Å"Thanks,† Charlie said. â€Å"Well, given what I’ve heard about your night out before your mom died and whatnot, and what I’ve seen here today, I think – that it’s only right – that I do you.† â€Å"Do me?† â€Å"Yes,† she said, â€Å"for the greater good, even though you are a complete tool.† Charlie squirmed away from her on the couch. He looked at her for a second, trying to figure out if she was putting him on, then, deciding that she wasn’t, he said, â€Å"That’s very sweet of you, Lily, and – â€Å" â€Å"Nothing weird, Asher. You need to understand that I’m only doing this out of basic human decency and pity. You can just take it to the hoes on Broadway if you need to get your freak on.† â€Å"Lily, I don’t know what – â€Å" â€Å"And not in the butt,† Lily added. There was a high-pitched little-girl giggle from behind the couch. â€Å"Hi, Daddy,† Sophie said, popping up behind him. â€Å"I missed you.† Charlie swung her up over the back of the couch and gave her a big kiss. â€Å"I missed you, too, sweetie.† Sophie pushed him away. â€Å"How come you have frosting on your hair?† â€Å"Oh, that – Lily had to spray some frost on Alvin and Mohammed to settle them down and it got on me.† â€Å"They missed you, too.† â€Å"I could tell,† Charlie said. â€Å"Honey, could you go play in your room for a bit while I talk to Lily about business?† â€Å"Where are the puppies?† Sophie asked. â€Å"They’re having a T.O. in Daddy’s room. Can you go play and we’ll have some Cheese Newts in a little while?† â€Å"Okay,† Sophie said, sliding to the floor. â€Å"Bye, Lily.† She waved to Lily. â€Å"Bye, Sophie,† Lily said, looking even more pale than usual. Sophie marched away in rhythm to her new chant, â€Å"Not in the butt – not in the butt – not in the butt.† Charlie turned to face Lily. â€Å"Well, that ought to liven up Mrs. Magnussen’s first-grade class.† â€Å"Sure, it’s embarrassing now,† Lily said, without missing a beat, â€Å"but someday she’ll thank me.† Charlie tried to look at his shirt buttons as if he were deep in thought, but instead started to giggle, tried to stop, and ended up snorting a little. â€Å"Jeez, Lily, you’re like a little sister to me, I could never – â€Å" â€Å"Oh, fine. I offer you a gift, out of the goodness of my heart, and you – â€Å" â€Å"Coffee, Lily,† Charlie said with a sigh. â€Å"Could I just get you to make me a cup of coffee instead of doing me – and sit and talk to me while I drink it? You’re the only one who knows what’s going on with Sophie and me, and I need to try to sort things out.† â€Å"Well, that will probably take longer than doing you,† Lily said, looking at her watch. â€Å"Let me call down to the store and tell Ray that I’ll be a while.† â€Å"That would be great,† Charlie said. â€Å"I was only going to do you in exchange for information about your Death Merchant thing, anyway,† Lily said, picking up the phone on the breakfast bar. Charlie sighed again. â€Å"That’s what I need to sort out.† â€Å"Either way,† Lily said, â€Å"I’m unbending on the butt issue.† Charlie tried to nod gravely, but started giggling again. Lily chucked the San Francisco Yellow Pages at him. THE MORRIGAN â€Å"This soul smells like ham,† said Nemain, wrinkling her nose at a lump of meat she had impaled on one long claw. â€Å"I want some,† said Babd. â€Å"Gimme.† She slashed at the carrion with her own talons, snagging a fist-sized hunk of flesh in the process. The three were in a forgotten subbasement beneath Chinatown, lounging on timbers that had been burned black in the great fire of 1906. Macha, who was starting to manifest the pearl headdress she wore in her woman form, studied the skull of a small animal by the light of a candle she’d made from the fat of dead babies. (Macha was ever the artsy-craftsy one, and the other two were jealous of her skills.) â€Å"I don’t understand why the soul is in the meat, but not in a man.† â€Å"Tastes like ham, too, I think,† Nemain said, spitting glowing red bits of soul when she talked. â€Å"Macha, do you remember ham? Do we like it?† Babd ate her bit of meat and wiped her claws on her breast feathers. â€Å"I think ham is new,† she said, â€Å"like cell phones.† â€Å"Ham is not new,† Macha said. â€Å"It’s smoked pork.† â€Å"No,† said Babd, aghast. â€Å"Yes,† said Macha. â€Å"Not human flesh? Then how is there a soul in it?† â€Å"Thank you,† Macha said. â€Å"That’s what I’ve been trying to say.† â€Å"I’ve decided that we like ham,† said Nemain. â€Å"There’s something wrong,† Macha said. â€Å"It shouldn’t be this easy.† â€Å"Easy?† said Babd. â€Å"Easy? It’s taken hundreds – no, thousands of years to get this far. How many thousands of years, Nemain?† Babd looked to the poison sister. â€Å"Many,† said Nemain. â€Å"Many,† said Babd. â€Å"Many thousands of years. That’s not easy.† â€Å"Souls coming to us, without bodies, without the soul stealers, that seems too easy.† â€Å"I like it,† Nemain said. They were quiet for a moment, Nemain nibbled at the glowing soul, Babd preened, and Macha studied the animal skull, turning it over in her talons. â€Å"I think it’s a woodchuck,† Macha said. â€Å"Can you make ham from woodchuck?† Nemain asked. â€Å"Don’t know,† said Macha. â€Å"I don’t remember woodchuck,† Nemain said. Babd sighed heavily. â€Å"Things are going so well. Do you two ever think about when we are Above all the time, and Darkness rules all, about, you know, what then?† â€Å"What do you mean, what then?† Macha asked. â€Å"We will hold dominion over all souls, and visit death as we wish until we consume all the light of humanity.† â€Å"Yeah, I know,† Babd said, â€Å"but then what? I mean, you know, dominion and all that is nice, but will Orcus always have to be around, snorting and growling?† Macha put down her skull and sat up on a blackened beam. â€Å"What’s this about?† Nemain smiled, her teeth perfectly even, the canines just a little too long. â€Å"She’s pining about that skinny soul stealer with the sword.† â€Å"New Meat?† Macha couldn’t believe her ears, which had become visible only a few days ago when the first of the gift souls had wandered into their claws, so they hadn’t been tested in a while. â€Å"You like New Meat?† â€Å"Like is a little strong,† Babd said. â€Å"I just think he’s interesting.† â€Å"Interesting in that you’d like to arrange his entrails in interesting patterns in the dirt?† Macha said. â€Å"Well, no, I’m not talented that way like you.† Macha looked at Nemain, who grinned and shrugged. â€Å"We could probably try to kill Orcus once Darkness rises,† Nemain said. â€Å"I am a little tired of his preaching, and he’ll be impossible if the Luminatus doesn’t appear.† Macha shrugged a surrender. â€Å"Sure, why not.† THE EMPEROR The Emperor of San Francisco was troubled. He sensed that something very wrong was going on in the City, yet he was at a loss as to what to do. He didn’t want to alarm the people unduly, but he did not want them to be unprepared for whatever danger they might face. He believed that a just and benevolent ruler would not use fear to manipulate his people, and until he had some sort of proof that there was an actual threat, it would be criminal to call for any action. â€Å"Sometimes,† he said to Lazarus, the steadfast golden retriever, â€Å"a man must muster all of his courage to simply sit still. How much humanity has been spoiled for the confusion of movement with progress, my friend? How much?† Still, he’d been seeing things, strange things. One late night in Chinatown he’d seen a dragon made of fog snaking through the streets. Then, early one morning, down by the Boudin Bakery at Ghirardelli Square, he saw what looked like a nude woman covered in motor oil crawl out of a storm sewer and grab a tall, half-full latte cup out of the trash, then dive right back in the sewer as a policeman on a bicycle rounded the corner. He knew that he saw these things because he was more sensitive than other people, and because he lived on the streets and could sense the slightest nuance of change there, and largely because he was completely barking-at-the-moon batshit. But none of that relieved him of the responsibility to his people, nor did it ease his mind about the disturbing nature of what he was seeing. The squirrel in the hoop skirt was really bothering the Emperor, but he couldn’t exactly say why. He liked squirrels – often took the men to Golden Gate Park to chase them, in fact – but a squirrel walking upright and digging through the trash behind the Empanada Emporium while wearing a pink ball gown from the eighteenth century – well – it was off-putting. He was sure that Bummer, who was curled up sleeping in the oversized pocket of his coat, would agree. (Bummer, being a rat dog at heart, had a less than enlightened outlook upon coexistence with any rodent, no less one dressed for the court of Louis XVI.) â€Å"Not to be critical,† said the Emperor, â€Å"but shoes would be a welcome complement to the ensemble, don’t you think, Lazarus?† Lazarus, normally tolerant of all noncookie creatures great and small, growled at the squirrel, who appeared to have the feet of a chicken sticking out from under her skirt, which – you know – was weird. With the growl, Bummer squirmed awake and emerged from the woolen bedchamber like Grendel from his lair. He immediately erupted into an apoplectic barking fit, as if to say, You guys, in case you didn’t notice, there’s a squirrel in a ball gown going through the trash over there and you’re just sitting here like a couple of concrete library lions! The message thus barked, off he went, a furry squirrel-seeking missile, bent on single-minded annihilation of all things rodent. â€Å"Bummer,† called the Emperor. â€Å"Wait.† Too late. The squirrel had tried to take off up the side of the brick building, but snagged her skirt on a gutter and fell back to the alley, just as Bummer was hitting full stride. Then the squirrel snatched up a small board from a broken pallet and swung it at his pursuer, who leapt just in time to miss taking a nail in one of his bug eyes. Growling ensued. The Emperor noticed at that point that the squirrel’s hands were reptilian in nature, the fingernails painted a pleasant pink to match her gown. â€Å"You don’t see that every day,† the Emperor said. Lazarus barked in agreement. The squirrel dropped the board and took off toward the street, moving nicely on her chicken feet, her skirt held up in her lizard hands. Bummer had recovered from the initial shock of a weapon-wielding squirrel (something he had encountered before only in doggie nightmares brought on by the late-night gift of chorizo pizza from a charitable Domino’s guy) and took off after the squirrel, followed closely by the Emperor and Lazarus. â€Å"No, Bummer,† the Emperor called. â€Å"She’s not a normal squirrel.† Lazarus, because he did not know how to say â€Å"well, duh,† stopped in his tracks and looked at the Emperor. The squirrel rocketed out of the alley and took a quick turn down the gutter, falling now to all fours as she went. Just as he reached the corner, the Emperor saw the trail of the tiny pink dress disappear down a storm sewer, followed closely by the intrepid Bummer. The Emperor could hear the terrier’s bark echoing out of the grate, fading as Bummer pursued his prey into the darkness. RIVERA Nick Cavuto sat down across from Rivera with a plate of buffalo stew roughly the size of a garbage-can lid. They were having lunch at Tommy’s Joynt, an old-school eatery on Van Ness that served home-style food like meat loaf, roasted turkey and stuffing, and buffalo stew every day of the year, and featured San Francisco sports teams on the TV over the bar whenever anyone was playing. â€Å"What?† said the big cop, when he saw his partner roll his eyes. â€Å"Fucking what?† â€Å"Buffalo almost went extinct once,† Rivera said. â€Å"You have ancestors on the Great Plains?† â€Å"Special law enforcement portions – protecting and serving and stuff requires protein.† â€Å"A whole bison?† â€Å"Do I criticize your hobbies?† Rivera looked at his half a turkey sandwich and cup of bean soup, then at Cavuto’s stew, then at his runt of a sandwich, then at his partner’s colossus of a stew. â€Å"My lunch is embarrassed,† he said. â€Å"Serves you right. Revenge for the Italian suits. I love going to every call with people thinking I’m the victim.† â€Å"You could buy a steamer, or I could have my guy find you some nice clothes.† â€Å"Your guy the serial-killing thrift-store owner? No thanks.† â€Å"He’s not a serial killer. He’s got some weird shit going on, but he’s not a killer.† â€Å"Just what we need, more weird shit. What was he really doing when you had that shots-fired report?† â€Å"Just like it said, I was going by and a guy tried to rob him at gunpoint. I drew my weapon and told the perp to halt, he drew down on me, and I fired.† â€Å"Your ass. You never fired eleven shots in your life you didn’t hit the ten X ring with nine of them. The fuck happened?† Rivera looked down the long table, made sure the three guys sitting down at the other end were engaged in the game showing on the TV over the bar. â€Å"I hit her with every shot.† â€Å"Her? Perp was a woman?† â€Å"I didn’t say that.† Cavuto dropped his spoon. â€Å"Partner? Don’t tell me you shot the redhead? I thought that was over.† â€Å"No. This was a new thing – like – Nick, you know me, I’m not going to fire unless it’s justified.† â€Å"Just say what happened. I got your back.† â€Å"It was like this bird woman or something. All black. I mean fucking black as tar. Had claws that looked like – I don’t know, like three-inch-long silver ice picks or something. My shots took chunks out of her – feathers and black goo and shit everywhere. She took nine in the torso and flew away.† â€Å"Flew?† Rivera sipped his coffee, eyeing his partner’s reaction over the edge of the cup. They had been through some extraordinary things working together, but if the situation had been reversed, he wasn’t sure he’d believe this story either. â€Å"Yeah, flew.† Cavuto nodded. â€Å"Okay, I can see why you wouldn’t put that in the report.† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"So this bird woman,† Cavuto said, like that was settled, he totally believed it, now what? â€Å"She was robbing the Asher guy from the thrift shop?† â€Å"Giving him a hand job.† Cavuto nodded, picked up his spoon, and took a huge bite of stew and rice, still nodding as he chewed. He looked as if he were going to say something, then quickly took another bite, as if to stop himself. He appeared to be distracted by the game on television, and finished his lunch without another word. Rivera ate his soup and sandwich in silence as well. As they were leaving, Cavuto grabbed two toothpicks from the dispenser by the register and gave one to Rivera as they walked out into a beautiful San Francisco day. â€Å"So you were following Asher?† â€Å"I’ve been trying to keep an eye on him. Just in case.† â€Å"And you shot her nine times for giving the guy a hand job,† Cavuto finally asked. â€Å"I guess,† Rivera said. â€Å"You know, Alphonse, that right there is why I don’t hang out with you socially. Your values are fucked up.† â€Å"She wasn’t human, Nick.† â€Å"Still. A hand job? Deadly force? I don’t know – â€Å" â€Å"It wasn’t deadly force. I didn’t kill her.† â€Å"Nine to the chest?† â€Å"I saw her – it – last night. On my street. Watching me from a storm sewer.† â€Å"Ever think to ask Asher how he happened to know the flying bulletproof bird woman in the first place?† â€Å"Yeah, I did, but I can’t tell you what he said. It’s too weird.† Cavuto threw his arms in the air. â€Å"Well, sweet Tidy Bowl Jesus skipping on the blue toilet water, we wouldn’t want it to get fucking weird, would we?† LILY They were on their second cup of coffee and Charlie had told Lily about not getting the two soul vessels, about the encounter with the sewer harpy, about the shadow coming out of the mountains in Sedona and the other version of The Great Big Book of Death, and his suspicions that there was a frightening problem with his little girl, the symptoms of which were two giant dogs and an ability to kill with the word kitty. To Charlie’s thinking, Lily was reacting to the wrong story. â€Å"You hooked up with a demon from the Underworld and I’m not good enough for you?† â€Å"It’s not a competition, Lily. Can we not talk about that? I knew I shouldn’t have told you. I’m worried about other stuff.† â€Å"I want details, Asher.† â€Å"Lily, a gentleman doesn’t share the details of his amorous encounters.† Lily crossed her arms and assumed a pose of disgusted incredulity, an eloquent pose, because before she said it, Charlie knew what was coming: â€Å"Bullshit. That cop shot pieces off her, but you’re worried about protecting her honor?† Charlie smiled wistfully. â€Å"You know, we shared a moment – â€Å" â€Å"Oh my God, you complete man-whore!† â€Å"Lily, you can’t possibly be hurt by my – by my response to your generous – and let me say right here – extraordinarily tempting offer. Gee whiz.† â€Å"It’s because I’m too perky, isn’t it? Not dark enough for you? You being Mr. Death and all.† â€Å"Lily, the shadow in Sedona was coming for me. When I left town, it went away. The sewer harpy came for me. The other Death Merchant said that I was different. They never had deaths happen as a result of their presence like I have.† â€Å"Did you just say ‘gee whiz’ to me? What am I, nine? I am a woman – â€Å" â€Å"I think I might be the Luminatus, Lily.† Lily shut up. She raised her eyebrows. As if â€Å"no.† Charlie nodded. As if â€Å"yes.† â€Å"The Big Death?† â€Å"With a capital D,† Charlie said. â€Å"Well, you’re totally not qualified for that,† Lily said. â€Å"Thanks, I feel better now.† MINTY FRESH Being two hundred feet under the sea always made Minty uneasy, especially if he’d been drinking sake and listening to jazz all night, which he had. He was in the last car on the last train out of Oakland, and he had the car to himself, like his own private submarine, cruising under the Bay with the echo of a tenor sax in his ear like sonar, and a half-dozen sake-sodden spicy tuna rolls sitting in his stomach like depth charges. He’d spent his evening at Sato’s on the Embarcadero, Japanese restaurant and jazz club. Sushi and jazz, strange bedfellows, shacked up by opportunity and oppression. It began in the Fillmore district, which had been a Japanese neighborhood before World War II. When the Japanese were shipped off to internment camps, and their homes and belongings sold off, the blacks, who came to the city to work in the shipyards building battleships and destroyers, moved into the vacant buildings. Jazz came close behind. For years, the Fillmore was the center of the San Francisco jazz scene, and Bop City on Post Street the premier jazz club. When the war ended and the Japanese returned, many a late night might find Japanese kids standing under the windows of Bop City, listening to the likes of Billie Holiday, Oscar Peterson, or Charles Mingus, listening to art happen and dissipate into the San Francisco nights. Sato was one of those kids. It wasn’t just historical happenstance – Sato had explained to Minty, late one night after the music had ended and the sake was making him wax eloquent – it was philosophical alignment: jazz was a Zen art, dig? Controlled spontaneity. Like sumi-e ink painting, like haiku, like archery, like kendo fencing – jazz wasn’t something you planned, it was something you did. You practiced, you played your scales, you learned your chops, then you brought all your knowledge, your conditioning, to the moment. â€Å"And in jazz, every moment is a crisis,† Sato quoted Wynton Marsalis, â€Å"and you bring all your skill to bear on that crisis.† Like the swordsman, the archer, the poet, and the painter – it’s all right there – no future, no past, just that moment and how you deal with it. Art happens. And Minty, taken by the need to escape his life as Death, had taken the train to Oakland to find a moment he could hide in, without the regret of the past or the anxiety of the future, just a pure right now resting in the bell of a tenor sax. But the sake, too much future looming ahead, and too much water overhead had brought on the blues, the moment melted, and Minty was uneasy. Things were going badly. He’d been unable to retrieve his last two soul vessels – a first in his career – and he was starting to see, or hear, the effects. Voices out of the storm sewers – louder and more numerous than ever – taunting him. Things moving in the shadows, on the periphery of his vision, shuffling, scuffling dark things that disappeared when you looked right at them. He’d even sold three discs off the soul-vessels rack to the same person, another first. He hadn’t noticed it was the same woman right away, but when things started to go wrong, the faces played back and he realized. She’d been a monk the first time, a Buddhist monk of some kind, wearing gold-and-maroon robes, her hair very short, as if her head had been shaved and was growing out. What he remembered was that her eyes were a crystal blue, unusual in someone with such dark hair and skin. And there was a smile deep in those eyes that made him feel as if a soul had found its rightful place, a good home at a higher level. The next time he’d seen her was six months later and she was in jeans and leather jacket, her hair sort of out of control. She’d taken a CD from the â€Å"One Per Customer† rack, a Sarah McLachlan, which is what he’d have chosen for her if asked, and he barely noticed the crystal-blue eyes other than to think that heâ€⠄¢d seen that smile before. Then, last week, it was her again, with hair down around her shoulders, wearing a long skirt and a belted muslin poet’s shirt – like an escapee from a Renaissance fair, not unusual for the Haight, but not quite common in the Castro – still, he thought nothing of it, until she had paid him and glanced over the top of her sunglasses to count the cash out of her wallet. The blue eyes again, electric and not quite smiling this time. He didn’t know what to do. He had no proof she was the monk, the chick in the leather jacket, but he knew it was her. He brought all his skills to bear on the situation, and essentially, he folded. â€Å"So you like Mozart?† he asked her. â€Å"It’s for a friend† was all she said. He rationalized not confronting her by that simple statement. A soul vessel was supposed to find its rightful owner, right? It didn’t say he had to sell it directly to them. That had been a week ago, and since then the voices, the scuffling noises in the shadows, the general creepiness, had been nearly constant. Minty Fresh had spent most of his adult life alone, but never before had he felt the loneliness so profoundly. A dozen times in the last few weeks he’d been tempted to call one of the other Death Merchants under the pretense of warning them about his screwup, but mainly just to talk to someone who had a clue about what his life was like. He stretched his long legs out over three train seats and into the aisle, then closed his eyes and laid his head back against the window, feeling the rhythm of the rattling train coming through the cool glass against his shaved scalp. Oh no, that wasn’t going to work. Too much sake and something akin to bed spins. He jerked his head forward and opened his eyes, then noticed through the doors that the train had gone dark two cars up. He sat upright and watched as the lights went out in the next car – no, that’s not what happened. Darkness moved through the car like a flowing gas, taking the energy out of the lights as it went. â€Å"Oh, shit,† Minty said to the empty car. He couldn’t even stand up inside the train, but stand up he did, staying slumped a little, his head against the ceiling, but facing the flowing darkness. The door at the end of the car opened and someone stepped through. A woman. Well, not exactly a woman. What looked like the shadow of a woman. â€Å"Hey, lover,† it said. A low voice, smoky. He’d heard this voice before, or a voice like it. The darkness flowed around the two floor lights at the far end of the car, leaving the woman illuminated in outline only, a gunmetal reflection against pure blackness. Since he was first tapped as a Death Merchant, Minty had never remembered feeling afraid, but he was afraid now. â€Å"I’m not your lover,† Minty said, his voice as smooth and steady as a bass sax, not giving up a note of fear. A crisis in every moment, he thought. â€Å"Once you’ve had black, you never go back,† she said, taking a step toward him, her blue-black outline the only thing visible in any direction now. He knew there was a door a few feet behind him that was held shut with powerful hydraulics, and that led to a dark tunnel two hundred feet under the Bay, lined with a deadly electric rail – but for some reason, that sounded like a really friendly place to be right now. â€Å"I’ve had black,† said Minty. â€Å"No, you haven’t, lover. You’ve had shades of brown, dark cocoa and coffee maybe, but I promise you, you’ve never had black. Because once you do, you never ever come back.† He watched as she moved toward him – flowed toward him – and long silver claws sprouted from her fingertips, playing in the dim glow from the safety lights, dripping something that steamed when it hit the floor. There were scurrying sounds on either side of him, things moving in the darkness, low and quick. â€Å"Okay, good point,† Minty said. How to cite A Dirty Job Chapter 19, Essay examples

Childrens Participation free essay sample

Participation in relation to children’s rights is concerned with encouraging the child’s voice to be heard, recognising their views as important and involving them in the planning of activities and other areas of their lives. We have lived in an adult-dominated world where children’s views and opinions have been suppressed. Adults have held all the power in decision making and had control over access to information. This can limit and stifle children and young people and can be a barrier to them achieving their full potential. With the introduction of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child attitudes are slowly beginning to change. This convention contains a number of articles relating to participation which aim to provide a supportive environment for children to gain the confidence and self-belief along with the knowledge and understanding to enable them to contribute positively to society, now and in the future. Article 12, in particular, requires that every child capable of forming his or her own views must be given the right to express those views in all matters affecting them and that their views will be ‘given due weight in accordance with the child’s age and maturity’. Participation is a process requiring planning, consideration and evaluation. Many adults are reluctant to involve children and young people in decision making. They believe, as they have more experience or qualifications, that they should be the ones in control. Adults can be seen as â€Å"gatekeepers† to information. They may not consider the information to be appropriate for the child or that the child would not understand it. The balance of power needs to be shifted more in the direction of the children to enable shared decision making. Models of participation are useful for highlighting different approaches to projects involving children and exposing bad practice. The Ladder of Participation was developed by Roger Hart (1992) as a way to measure the level of the participation of children in particular projects. It serves as a good way to distinguish between participation and non-participation. There are eight rungs on the ladder with Manipulation at the bottom and Child-initiated, shared decisions with adults at the top. The bottom three rungs Manipulation, Decoration and Tokenism involve very limited participation. Children are manipulated when they are involved in promoting an issue, but have no understanding of what their actions are for or about. Decoration involves using children to bolster an issue. Tokenism takes place when children are apparently given a voice, but in fact they have little or no choice about the subject or how they communicate it, and little or no opportunity to form their own opinions. The remaining five rungs of the ladder represent increasing levels of participation. For a project to be fully participatory the children should understand the intention of the project, be aware of who made the decisions concerning their involvement and why, have a meaningful rather than simply decorative role and have volunteered to participate in the project after it was fully explained to them. Children can be assigned but informed where the aims of a project remain defined by adults and children are given specific roles in the project and understand their tasks and the aim of the project. Children can also be consulted and informed where a project is designed and run by adults, but children understand the process and their opinions are treated seriously. The three highest levels of participation are the most difficult to achieve partly because of the responsibilities of adults and partly because of the tendency of adults to take command of situations. These levels involve situations where decisions are genuinely shared with children and where children initiate projects. As a practitioner it is my role to facilitate. Children should be provided with the opportunity to participate and actively encouraged to do so. They will require a welcoming environment and for me to be approachable. Their views should be listened to and supported and they should be involved in the decision making process. As an adult I may be more aware of practical or financial constraints which may affect a particular idea but this should be clearly explained to the child to enable them to make more informed decisions. I should be there to observe and to make sure every child gets to have their say. The Curriculum for Excellence supports the right for children and young people to participate in matters affecting them. The four capacities to enable children to become Successful Learners, Confident Individuals, Effective Contributors and Responsible Citizens and the attributes and capabilities which sit beneath the capacities set a clear expectation of children’s active involvement in the learning process. In order ‘to develop and communicate their own beliefs and view of the world’, ‘take the initiative’, and ‘make informed choices and decisions’, the child’s voice must be heard and developed. The curriculum design principles place children and young people at the centre of their learning. These principles recognise the need to shape the curriculum to meet the needs of children and young people, to listen to their views, to involve them as far as possible in shaping their learning and to involve them in promoting their own learning, progress and achievement. In education, Circle Time is widely used to encourage the children to express their feelings and opinions and is valuable in helping children develop social awareness and communication skills. When done well children’s participation can help to build their confidence and ability to participate in more sophisticated decision making in the future. They become aware of their roles and the responsibilities that go with it. Barriers are broken down between generations as adults begin to understand children better.

‘The only poor people today live in less developed nations’ Essay Example Essay Example

‘The only poor people today live in less developed nations’ Essay Example Paper ‘The only poor people today live in less developed nations’ Essay Introduction Poverty is subjective and based on perception and therefore difficult to provide a universal definition. To be poor is not completely about a lack of financial resource; this is just one aspect of poverty, as the adage goes ‘money can’t buy you everything’. Poverty can be the result of a wide array of difficulties and social problems. For example, people can feel poorer because they are at an intellectual deficit due to not having access of equality to education services or perhaps they can be socially poor because they themselves have chosen to withdraw from society. It is wrong to argue that developing nations have the monopoly on poverty and that the disadvantaged in developed nations are merely victims of inequality in society. This essay seeks to demonstrate that despite the emergence of a sophisticated welfare infrastructure in the developed world and the subjective nature of poverty, the poor remain the world over, victims of disparity in their society and an inability to alleviate their situation. To know where poor people live we must first understand what poverty is. The definition has undergone many changes throughout its use, reliant on the attitude of the person using it and the context of the environment it is applied to. For instance, Bentham argued in the 19th century that poverty was to be equated with labour, ‘poverty is the condition of everyone who is forced to use their labour for subsistence’. Bentham would therefore be horrified at the levels of poverty today by his definition. In recent times poverty is a much broader issue, not just related to income but problems in society that block access to education or even people who are poor in terms of the amount of time they have to exist outside of work and participate in society. To complicate matters, poverty is intertwined with identity, dependence on social networks and a plethora of emotive opinions and statistics. Poverty therefore means something differe nt to everyone, from their own experience to their perception of others. Yet there is general consensus that poverty is connected to experiencing deprivation (of varying levels and importance) and often hardship. ‘The only poor people today live in less developed nations’ Essay Body Paragraphs Poverty is a condition that affects the developing world to a severe extent. It is most certainly linked to a lack of income and resource but also linked to being socially, emotionally or even aspirationally poorer. Sporadic campaigns to alleviate the situation reveal the extent of the problem; people in the west are shocked by TV footage of famine victims and their circumstances, they send some money and then they turn off the television grateful they do not suffer in the same way. Poverty therefore means something different in the developing world; it is more closely related to abject suffering, being in want of often the most basic requirements in order to survive. To illustrate this, 10m children die every year from preventable diseases (UNICEF, 2005), unable to obtain sufficient access to medical resource and by the time you finish reading this sentence someone in a developing nation has died from hunger (UN, 2005). The poor in developing nations are victims of their environment , often unable to escape the maelstrom of chaos, disease, corruption and apathy that impacts on them (Make Poverty History, 2005). Inequality still exists in these countries; there is a divide between the rich and the poor, a recent World Bank report indicates that the top 10% of Kenyans earn 47% of the national income leaving the remainder with insufficient money to purchase food able to meet the minimum daily calorie requirements of an adult male. Developing nations are less concerned by the disparity between rich and poor than developed nations are; the sheer volume of people in poverty makes this of minimal consequence. However developed nations often link the plight of the less affluent in society with the concept of social justice and equality. There has been a land shift in attitude towards poverty in developing nations, for example the origins of the British welfare state date back to 16th century Poor Laws primarily focused on maintaining public order (Harris, B 2004). Welf are provision in 2005 is about a partnership between state and individual, where it is the responsibility of the individual to help himself, while the state is there to provide opportunities and alternatives to the poverty many have had little chance to escape. This relationship between citizen and state is known as the ‘New Deal’ and it is recognition in the UK that poverty is related to inequality and lack of opportunity. Few people in developed societies such as Britain experience the problems that affect the poor in a developing nation. Poverty is therefore subjective and can be much more extreme in third-world countries than is possible to appreciate. Despite the prevalence and extremity of poverty in developing nations, there are also examples of poverty in the developed world too. For example, it is anticipated that in the UK up to five thousand people a year sleep rough at some point (Shelter, 2005) and are unable to lift themselves out of poverty. In addition t o this it has been revealed that the number of ‘have-nots’ in the UK, despite being the fourth wealthiest nation, is much larger than anticipated. Although state benefits ensure that the most vulnerable in society do not face starvation or homelessness, the average recipient of state benefit has to survive on à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3 a day (Family Welfare Association, 2005). The situation is replicated throughout the developed world, as the events that followed in the wake of hurricane Katrina in September 2005 prove. Despite the USA being the richest nation on earth, the poor who could not escape New Orleans before the hurricane hit were left stranded and to fend for themselves. Predominantly poor black families were effectively left behind in this highly developed country, some 35% of black households lack a car, and were forced to cope with the flooding and civil disobedience that ensued (The Economist, 2005). Despite our affluence, in comparison to developing countries, there are many examples of how people experience real poverty and fall through the cracks of society in the developed world. In 1999, Tony Blair made a pledge to end child poverty within twenty years in the UK. The first annual government report, Poverty and Social Exclusion, in the same year included 40 indicators of poverty. The sheer number of indicators demonstrates how hard it is to define poverty. The accepted view that households who live on half than average income are in poverty revealed that in 1995-96 almost one quarter of Britons were to be considered poor (The Economist, 1999). The research goes further to say that 4.6m children lived below the poverty line, which is about 34% of the total number of children in the UK at that time. Research shows poverty is increasing, for example in 1979 there were only 9% of households and 10% of children living on less than half average incomes. An alternative is to try and fix a poverty line which does not change as economies get richer à ¢â‚¬â€œ enough to meet a generally acceptable definition of basic necessities. The incomes of the poorest 10% of the population in 1995-96 were slightly lower, after housing costs, than those of their counterparts in 1979; when adjusted by inflation. However the indicators selected in 1999 show significant improvements since the mid-1990s in other areas. The proportion of working age people who live in a household where no-one works has fallen from a peak of 14.1 per cent in the mid-1990s to 11.8 per cent in 2002. The proportion of working age people without a qualification has also fallen, to 15.2 per cent in 2002. In 2000/2001, 30 per cent of children were living in households with relative low incomes, down from 34 per cent in 1996/97. In 1998, 50 per cent of single elderly households experienced fuel poverty, before housing benefit and income support for mortgage interest, down from 61 per cent in 1996 (National Statistics, 2005). With this method we can see that while things ar e improving there are still poor people in Britain, and that six years after Tony Blair’s pledge, child poverty has declined only by 4%. It is not only economic hardship or the individuals and groups that fall through the system that indicate poverty in the developed world. The man who donated some money to a famine appeal and then turned off his television is very thankful he is not in the same circumstances. However, he has some troubles of his own, though not nearly to the same extent. He has comparative needs, he believes he needs a new car because the old one keeps breaking down and he has spent a fortune trying to fix it. He’d like to be able to spend more time with his children; but he doesn’t have enough hours in the day. Another thing dwells on his mind; his youngest child isn’t at a very good school, so he has to pay out for extra lessons because the school he wanted to send his child to is oversubscribed. His wife feels the same, but anyway she ’s too exhausted to think about that now, she’s just come in from work, her salary is swallowed up by the bills from the old people’s home that cares for her elderly mother. Societies in the developed world create a different kind of poverty, where there is a deficit of time and people feel trapped – working longer hours for a diminished return. The 1997 British Social Attitudes survey showed that 62% of respondents were dissatisfied with their quality of life, citing many of the examples listed above. Poverty therefore comes in a number of guises affecting all members of society in different ways. In conclusion, poor people are found the world over, not only in less developed nations. The level and density may be greater in the developing world but this does not support the argument that as a consequence poverty does not jostle against the affluence of developed nations. There have been several examples, such as the hurricane in New Orleans, that have re plicated the levels of poverty and misery felt by developing nations, in developed countries. Poverty is subjective; it is reliant on individuals’ perceptions of how much of what they either want or need is available to them. It can affect anyone of us at some point, inflicted by external factors such as drought or famine, loss of income or by our liberty becoming suffocated or squeezed. All of these factors can make someone feel poorer than their neighbour and feel excluded from society. The current government has made significant steps towards limiting poverty in the UK, helping those who are cash-poor to greater opportunity. However, developed society must also create new ways to help individuals who may be cash-rich but time-poor, who feel there is no mechanism to cope with the pressures and demands of modern life. It is often quoted that the poor will always be with us, and I believe they will be found in every society where there is a finite amount of resource and an en dless supply of wants and needs that can conflict with each other. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘The only poor people today live in less developed nations’ Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ‘The only poor people today live in less developed nations’ Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ‘The only poor people today live in less developed nations’ Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan was the first man to ever travel around the world. His journey started on September 20, 1519. Five ships and 277 men set sail on what was to become the biggest voyage of all time. He was born around 1480. When Ferdinand was 12, he went to train as a page at the court of Leonor. Leonor was the Portuguese Queen. King John II was into exploration and trade. Portuguese who trained in page, were also taught astronomy, navigation, and map- making. Pages were watched over by the Kings brother Duke Manuel. He had some sort of hatred toward Magellan. In 1495, Magellan gave up all hope. King John II was killed and his brother Duke became king of Portugal. Ferdinand was finally able to navigate in 1505. He sailed with a military expedition to India. For seven Magellan worked hard and fought bravely. He visited the west coast of Africa, India, Malaya, and the Sprice Islands. He was the first European to visit the Philippines. In 1512, he returned to Portugal. One year later he fought against the Moors in Morocco. He had a permanent limp on his left leg that was caused by an injury while fighting. He was also accused of stealing some of the booty captured He was refused by King Manuel to try and explore the world. He decided to work out a plan to reach the Philippines and the Sprice Islands by sailing west instead of east. If King Manuel didnt want his services, perhaps Charles I of Spain would be interested in his proposal. In October 1517, He left Portugal for Spain. He was never to return. He then represented Spain. He died in 1522.

Animal Experimentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Animal Experimentation - Essay Example Animal testing should be conducted following its immense health benefits towards humans in relation to assisting preterm babies and children. In this light, animal experiments have helped to come up with a solution to ensure that preterm babies survive despite their weak bodies and health. This is due to experiments conducted on lambs using steroids that have proved the strengthening properties of steroids on their lungs. For this reason, animal testing gives hope to parents of such babies by giving them an opportunity to increase their child’s chances of survival. These tests on animals show the influence of corticosteroids on the young and weak, breathing system of animals involved, lamb, and sheep, by speeding up the rate of development. In children, it has thus, saved lives by developing surfactants for babies that cannot develop on their own. Studies due to the same experiments have even improved the chances of survival for children born to mothers who received doses of c orticosteroids, as opposed to those that did not. It is for this reason that animal testing should be done, sustained, and supported. In addition, animal testing should be conducted for the discoveries it has advanced towards treatment of most of the world’s known diseases and conditions. In light of this, scientists make use of animals to develop new cures and treatments for conditions such as hypertension. This is done using venom from highly poisonous snakes, all in an attempt to improve the quality of life for humans and improve longevity. The use of venom in this case is because of accidental discoveries and not direct experiments on animals to determine the potential. This is following collapsing of banana workers after potent bites from certain snake breeds, which resulted in drastic fall, in their blood pressure. Animal experiments have helped improve human life by alleviating suffering and certain ailments from their lives. This creates a strong basis for the progres sion of animal testing. In addition, animal testing has helped create treatments for cancer, in the form of therapy to alleviate human suffering from the condition. Concerning this, animal testing has helped saved lives by using animals in experiments to test how humans are likely to respond to certain treatment measures and conditions. As a result, it saves a lot of time that would have been spent in testing the drugs and treatment conventionally and getting approval. Instead, I believe that these animal help to alleviate this dilemma by ensuring that medication and other forms of treatment availed to humans are suitable for their wellbeing, or at least not harmful to the least effect. This is as opposed to direct treatments and therapies that may see humans lose their lives due to strong after-effects of treatments and therapies. This is case especially for cancer treatments, in which therapies are first tried with animals before advancing to humans for more tests. Moreover, anima l tests assist in production of medication that cannot be produced synthetically, as was the case for early insulin for diabetics. In this light, insulin was derived from animals to regulate glucose levels in the blood stream and keep diabetes in check. Animal tests also help in the development of vaccines to fend off diseases and pathogens off the human body and sustain good health. However, in spite of all the benefits that animal testing is known to have, there are people of the contrary opinion on the use of animals for experiments aimed at improving human life. For this reason, they believe that the experiments should not be conducted as they are a selfish means for humans to increase their longevity, while exterminating other