Illegal Immigration Is A Problem For The United States

Illegal immigration has been a problem for the United States for a long time. This is not a new phenomenon and thousands of illegal immigrants have come into US through either the Mexico border, the Pacific Ocean, or through many other ways. Some people entered in country legally through a visit visa, but then have stayed illegally and are working in various places. Illegal immigration is a double enclosed sword; one hand it provide the local economy with cost benefits as the illegal immigrants are not paid so much, while they are more fruitful. On the other hand, these illegal immigrants do not pay taxes and their employers also do not pay their taxes. There are both pros and cons of illegal immigration and this paper shall take a look at some facts pertinent to illegal immigration in the United States. â€Å"Every day thousands of illegals stream across the 2,500 miles of border with Mexico. According to the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, or INS, the total number of illegals in America from this source increases by 275,000 annually. Already the United States is host to an illegal population of 7 to 12 million, of whom the vast majority are Mexican or Hispanic in origin. These illegal and unwelcome guests help themselves to jobs, education, welfare and unemployment compensation. The many whose salaries are paid under the table pay little or no taxes. And they are easy prey for unscrupulous employers and politicians† (Hayes 2000) The U.S. population mainly isShow MoreRelatedThe Illegal Immigration Problem Of The United States Essay2173 Words   |  9 PagesLone Star- North Harris THE ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION PROBLEM IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY MIDTERM RESEARCH PAPER Amee Jagtap Immigration Law Professor Delesandri OCTOBER 19, 2016 ABSTRACT: Illegal immigration into the United States is occurring at massive scale. More than 10 million undocumented aliens currently reside in the U.S., and the populationRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is A Problem That Affects The United States2334 Words   |  10 PagesIllegal immigration is a problem that affects the Southwest United States of America in many different ways that needs to be handled in a strict but reasonable manner. Ever since president Barrack Obama first went into office, immigration has been one of his top priorities. But over time, neither the Republicans nor the Democrats were able to come to a compromise on the issue. â€Å"The political debate over illegal immigration has been a roller coaster ride ever since it was brought up in 2007† (MarcovitzRead MoreImmigration : The Ongoing Question1419 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration: The Ongoing Question It was estimated in 2014 that there were at least 11.3 million unauthorized immigrants in the United States. Illegal immigration has been in the headlines for the last ten years and will forever plague the United States of America. New immigration policy such as the â€Å"Priority Enforcement Program† was implemented in 2015, and programs like these are one of the main topics up for debate in the upcoming election. Over seventy-five percent of people deported back toRead MoreEssay about The Issue of Illegal Immigrants from Mexico853 Words   |  4 Pagesof Illegal Immigrants from Mexico One of the most controversial political issues of today is that of illegal immigrants from Mexico. Illegal immigration into the United States is a problem that should be stopped, as it is unfair to both Americans and to the people of the country from which they illegal immigrated. It is that the majority of illegal aliens residing in the United States are Mexicans. Roy Beck clarifies the situation by stating, The national consensus is that the United StatesRead MoreThe Issue Of Illegal Immigration1623 Words   |  7 Pages One topic inparticular has become very popular, illegal immigration. The primary question that is asked is, â€Å"How will you deport and limit the number of illegal immigrants in the United States?† This question got me thinking, If I were in their position what would I say in response? The following essay will illustrate the ideas on illegal immigration. Facts Immigration has always been a problem ever since we put a border between the United States and Mexico. In the beginning it really was not asRead MoreImmigration And The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration in the United States continues to increase rapidly year by year. According to an analysis of monthly Census Bureau data by the Center for Immigration Studies, the immigration population in the United States, both legal and illegal, hit a record of 42.1 million in the second quarter of this year, an increase of 1.7 million since the same quarter of 2014 (CIS.org). Clearly, Immigrants make up a large part of the population in the United States, and for most immigrants, migrating to theRead MoreEssay on Why should the U.S have border patrol?1611 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿United States Border Patrol: Why should the U.S have border patrol? Illegal immigrants have always been a problem in the United States for some time now. â€Å"In October 2008, the illegal immigrant population stood at 11.9 million according to the Pew Hispanic Center† (Illegal Immigration Facts Statistics†). An efficient border patrol in our country would be a good step in the right direction to stop illegal immigration and the effect it has on our country. Illegal immigrants are at fault for suchRead MoreNeighbor Relations:. An Immigration Problem Between The1215 Words   |  5 Pages Neighbor Relations: An Immigration Problem between the United States and Mexico Alberto Beltran Sociology 121 November 20, 2013 Outline I. Introduction II. Mass Immigration from Mexico: 1910 to1930 III. Bracero Program IIII. Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 V. Impact of Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 VI. Illegal Immigration problem VII. Conclusion I. Introduction The United States has always been considered a countryRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1016 Words   |  5 Pages Immigration When it comes to talking about undocumented immigrants, it can become a touchy subject. Everyone has their own beliefs when conversing about this matter. â€Å"The Center’s preliminary estimate of the unauthorized immigrant population in 2016 is 11.3 million† ( Pew Research Center). And with that, note that number increases every year. The list of liabilities when it comes to entering the United States illegally is outrageous. With this fact, it encourages illegal activityRead MoreAccording To An Article In Usa Today, â€Å"Illegal Immigration1258 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to an article in USA today, â€Å"Illegal Immigration population declines† Thomas Frank writes, â€Å"The number of illegal immigrants in the USA fell for the first time in at least four years, as the nations tough economy discourages people from sneaking into the USA†. Illegal immigration has been on an all time rise for the last 4 to five years, as the nations economy str uggles to stay out of a depression. I believe illegal immigration has a great effect on how the economy is doing. It cost the

Education Is The Most Important Aspect Of Life - 2012 Words

Philosophers say that life is one unending lesson, that the absorption of knowledge never ends. This motto is superbly represented in all of the pieces that Ms. Frankenberg’s Composition class has read, watched, or listened to. Whether this education has been obvious or not, through a classroom or another medium, it is usually delivered in lessons that are meant to last a lifetime. By dissecting all of the aspects that can be taken from these educational situations, the credit goes to those who taught them, and it is to those individuals whom we should give credit for the lesson. These lessons are great additions to their â€Å"legacy resume†, or the unofficial track of a person’s accomplishments throughout their lifetime. It is in this way that legacy can be discovered, even if legacy means something different to each individual. Education is the most important aspect of life; parents teach their children, teachers educate their students, employers train their employees, and even the President of the United States is educated on important details by his advisors. Education does not just mean a school and a professor, it means any learning at anytime and anywhere. This reason is exactly why education is one of the most crucial parts of any legacy. Education is universal, without it no one would even know what a legacy is, much less retain the intelligence to create a legacy of their own. Throughout the years knowledge has improved, more people made names for themselves in theirShow MoreRelated value of a college education Essay example1298 Words   |  6 Pages Value Of A College Education According to Lundberg (2003), â€Å"adult students are one of the most rapidly growing segments of today’s college student population, making up approximately 40% of all college students† (665). Having a college education is an important tool that contributes to several aspects of a person’s life. The areas that are impacted the most would be the professional and personal areas. It is important to learn the value of a college education in order to take advantage of whatRead MoreHomeschooling Is The Lack Of Socialization956 Words   |  4 Pagescherish are those related to school or a friend they met in school. However, in recent years, increasing amount of parents chose to deprive their children of these memories by adapting an alternative method of education - homeschooling. â€Å"Homeschooling, also known as home education, is the education of children inside the home, as opposed to in the formal settings of a public or private school† (wikipedia.org). According to National Center for Educational Statistics, in recent years approximately threeRead MoreEducation and the Benefits of Having a Good Education1096 Words   |  5 PagesEducation is as important as the air we breathe. It is the most important possession a person must have. Education is beneficial in many aspect of life especially, personal and social it is the only possession that cannot be taken away from you. Education is important because it will open up the windows of opportunities. In this competitive world having a good education is as important as the air we breathe because it is our weapon to conquer the world. Education will help you grow as an individualRead More Education Philosophy Statement Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesEducation Philosophy Statement Every person has his or her idea of what education should be. One wants to be educated or go to universities so he or she could have a higher degree. Some other person wants to get education just to fulfill ones self. Many people get college education thinking that they can make more money. Education is not about money; it is a lifetime process that enables one to satisfy ones inner self. It makes a person feel good for who they are inside. Jon Spaydes articleRead MoreImportance of Education863 Words   |  3 Pages1. Education has various implications. Given the fact that it provides a communication channel through which information is accumulated and knowledge is shared among members of a smaller or larger community, education is benefic for some and destructive for others. For instance, students and the young educated generation have started some of the most important revolutions in the history of human kind. One example in this sense is the Tiananmen Square Student Rebellion or the Arab Spring. In suchRead MoreEssay on My Philosophy of Teaching999 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy of Education Throughout the history of education, there have been many different philosophical views. The views have varied from Platos The Republic, to Rousseaus Emile. Plato believed that the purpose of education was to create a perfect city-state, while Rousseau believed that the purpose was to develop people, who freely choose good. Both of these philosophies cooperate with my beliefs; however, my beliefs do differ in some aspects. Through my philosophies covering the natureRead More Philosophy of Education Essay1036 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy of Education The philosophical perspective possessed by a teacher has on affects the ability and effectiveness of their teaching methods. Therefore a teacher must be one who appreciates and respects education and formalized schooling. In the following paragraphs I will give a general description of my views on education. I will describe how I view the acquisition of knowledge, common student nature, what I believe the purpose of education is and my desired method and curriculum.Read MoreAn Essential Ingredient That Contributes A Significant Percentage Zimbabwean Culture Essay962 Words   |  4 Pages1.Culture is a very important aspect of life that distinguishes people of one society from another. Worldwatch Institute (2010) page 7, defined culture as values, beliefs, customs, traditions, symbols, norms, and institutions which are combined to create the bonding life frames that shapes how humans behave. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary (1828), culture is a way of thinking, behaving or working that exists in a place or organisation (such as business). What should be noted is that thisRead MoreEducation : An Important Aspect Of National Stability And Growth1602 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophy of Education Justin Graves Athens State University Abstract The education provided to United States students in grades kindergarten-12 is a valuable aspect of national stability and growth. Without strong school systems that provide proper opportunities for students to grow intellectually, technically and socially, the future U.S. society will not have citizens prepared to help the nation grow economically, industrially and politically. Because education is the foundationRead MorePaying For A Higher Education871 Words   |  4 PagesPaying For a Higher Education There are over two hundred and fifty five worldwide childbirths per minute, and almost fifty seven percent of those who are born will not be able to use their own money to pay for college (Central Intelligence Agency 2). College is a very important aspect of life today. Each year things change in this world. Post-Secondary education is becoming a major requirement with most jobs today. Whereas in the past, post-secondary education was not as prevalent. Many students

Role Played by Professional Auditors in Uganda free essay sample

Role played by professional auditors in Uganda Auditing is the independent examination of financial statements and the underlying books of account so as to form an opinion on whether they are prepared in all material aspects in accordance with the financial reporting framework. Such reporting framework includes International Accounting Standards (IAS), the Companies Act Cap 110 (for Uganda) and any other relevant legislation. This is however carried out by a person termed as auditor. Internal Audit, Internal audit is conducted by the internal auditor who is an employee of an organization. The main purpose of internal audit is to find out whether the internal control system is working successfully or not. The report of the internal audit is used only by the management for the improvement of internal control system. The internal auditor carries out checking work throughout the year. Although, he is an employee of the organization but he is given some form of independence in order to perform his duties more efficiently. We will write a custom essay sample on Role Played by Professional Auditors in Uganda or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page External Audit, These are the audit other than internal. They are performed by external auditors. The main purpose of this audit is to report on the true and fair view of the accounts. Statutory audit, Conducted in accordance to the Companies Act requirement and its main objective is to prove the true and fair view. Auditors’ scope of work is defined by statute. It is commonly done by the following limited companies, cooperative societies, government, insurance companies, building societies, banks and parastatals. Private Audits, Non statutory audit’s main objective is to detect and prevent errors and fraud. The auditor’s scope of work is decided on by an agreement between the management and the auditors. The auditors of a company other than internal auditors are appointed by members (shareholders) in an annual general meeting; however, the directors can appoint the first auditor to fill a casual vacancy this requires the members’ approval at the next annual general meeting. Auditors are appointed to runs from one annual general meeting to the next one. Internal auditor of a company is an employee of a company and therefore he/she is appointed by the management of the company. He/she is also expected to carry out his/her duty according to the directive of the management. Private companies no longer have to hold an annual general meeting if an elective resolution is made. In these circumstances the auditor is automatically reappointed unless a shareholder objects (Small companies can elect to dispense with the requirement for an annual general meeting). Below are the roles of auditors of a company External Auditors Ensure that any capital expenditure that is, purchase or sales of a fixed asset, capital commitment, and payment of a major liability have been duly authorized by the meeting minutes of the Board of Directors. The auditor of a company shall make report to the members on the accounts examined by them and on every balance sheet, every income statements and on all group accounts laid before the company in a general meeting during their tenure of office Every company must hold an annual general meeting of its members in each calendar year. At that meeting, annual report and audited accounts (including balance sheet and income statement and in the case of a holding company, a group accounts) are laid before the meeting. Included in the annual report and accounts, there must be a report by the auditors on the accounts examined by them The auditor usually appointed at annual general meeting and hold office from the end of that meeting until the end of the following annual general meeting, which is his tenure of office. He reports on the account presented within his tenure office. The auditor report shall be read before the company in a general meeting and shall be open to inspection by any number. Content of the report It requires that in his opinion, auditor state whether the report is; †¢The statement of financial position and income statement have been prepared in accordance with the provision of the company Act †¢The statement of financial position shows a true and fair view of the state of the company affairs as at the end of its financial year †¢The income statement shows a true and fair view of the company profit or loss for its financial year However there are two complications with this area †¢Group accounts have to be prepared for holding company and these also have to be prepared to comply with the company Act and shows a true and fair view Certain company (Bank, shipping company, insurance company) are exempt from certain company Act requirements and the charge to the auditor is to give an opinion on whether or not the accounts have been properly prepared in accordance with the provision of the company Act Auditor duty to carry out investigation so that they can form an opinion on; †¢Whether proper books of accounts have been kept by the company †¢Whether proper returns adequate for audit purposes have been received from branches not visited by the auditor †¢Whether the statement of financial position and the income statement is in agreement with the books of accounts and returns If the investigation shows that proper books of accounts have not been kept, proper returns not received or the accounts are not in agreement with the books and the return, then the auditor must say so in his report Every auditor of a company shall have a right of access at all times to the books and accounts and vouchers of the company and to such information and explanation as he thinks necessary for the performance of the duties of the auditors Note: The auditor can ask for such information and explanation as the auditor thinks necessary, if the auditor fails to obtain all the information and explanation which to the best of their knowledge and belief are necessary for the purposes of their audit, they shall state that fact in their report The auditor of a company shall be entitled to attend any general meeting of the company and to receive all notices of and other communications relating to any general meeting which any member of the company is entitled to receive and to be heard at any general meeting which they attend on any part of the business of the meeting which concern them as auditors. It’s sometime remarked that if the auditor does not receive notices of the meeting, he will not attend as he will not know of the meeting. In summary, the roles of the auditor are as below: To make a report to the members on all accounts laid before the members in a general meeting during his tenure of office †¢To include in the report statements on the accounts whether it is in compliance with the company Act and whether it present a true and fair view †¢To investigate whether or not; proper books of accounts has been ke pt, proper returns have been received from branches not visited by the auditor, the accounts are in agreement with the book s of accounts and returns. †¢To include in his report any instances where the investigation shows that proper books of accounts had not been kept, proper returns had not been received or the accounts were not in agreement with the books and returns. †¢If the auditor fails to obtain all the information and explanation which he thinks he needs in carrying out his audit, then he must includes also that fact in his report. Internal Auditors †¢To safeguard the company’s fixed assets To assist the management as far as possible to run the business efficiently and in orderly manner. The auditor by doing so advise the management on the area of weaknesses within the internal control that need to be strengthened up †¢To act as a consulting department to other departments †¢To detect and prevent errors and frauds perpetrated by the client st aff †¢To help in the maintenance of a strong internal control system employed by the management †¢To help the client to reduce the audit fee of the external auditor †¢Assist in risk management within the company †¢Education and training to the organization personnel †¢Effective corporate governance and compliance issues Role in the integrity in the organization financial The auditors in performance their duties do encounter some challenges. This can be elaborated as below The challenge of independence on its own which may create misunderstanding, it does not supposed that a person exercising professional judgment ought to free from all economic, financial and other relationship. Every member of the society has relationship with other. Therefore, the significance of economic, financial and other relationships should also be evaluated in the light of what a reasonable and informed third party having knowledge of all relevant information would reasonably conclu de to be unacceptable. The remedial strategy to this required both independence of mind and independence of appearance. Independence on mind is the state of mind that permits the provision of an opinion without being affected by influence that compromise professional judgement allowing an individual to act with integrity, and exercise objectivity and professional skepticism. Independence on appearance is the avoidance of facts and circumstances that are so significant that a reasonable and informed third party, having knowledge of all relevant information, including safeguards applied, would reasonably conclude a firm, or a member of the audit team’s integrity, objectivity or professional skepticism had been compromised. The challenge of the resolution of the ethical conflicts, this could be circumstances like; †¢Pressure from overbearing supervisor, partner, or family/personal relationships †¢Relationships likely to, or appear to, impair objectivity †¢Gifts/entertainment, which might reasonably be believed to have a significant and improper influence on their professional judgement of those with whom they deal. †¢Ability of personal engaged on professional services to adhere to the principle of objectivity †¢Divided loyalty as between the auditor’s superior and the required professional standards †¢Misleading information is published which may be to the disadvantage of the employer or client and which may or may not benefit the auditor as a result of such publication. The auditor should be constantly conscious of and be alert to the factors, which give rise to conflicts of interest. An honest difference of opinion between an auditor and another party is not in itself an ethical issue. The facts and circumstances of each case need investigation by parties concerned. When auditors are faced with these challenges of ethical conflicts, the following can be strategies to help in the situation; †¢Follow the established policies of the organization to resolve the conflict †¢Review the conflict problem with the immediate supervisor †¢Seek counseling and advice on a confidential basis with professional accountancy body †¢Consider resigning as the last resort Report to the external body for example a supervisory body †¢Any auditor should endeavor to ensure that policies within his or her employing organization seek resolution of conflicts †¢Member bodies are urged to ensure that confidential counseling and advice is available t o members The following rights of auditors should be made known to the company as it is provided for in the company Act in the auditor performance of his duty of audit. This will help to eliminate some of the threats which would pose challenge to the auditor. These rights will help to provide remedy to some of the obvious challenges of auditors; The duties of an auditor are somewhat nerous and to assist him the companies Act have given him some rights including; †¢Right of access at all times to the books accounts and vouchers of the companies †¢Right to require from officer (directors and employees) of the company such information and explanation as the auditor thinks necessary †¢Right to receive notice of and attend meetings and to report on any matter which concerns him as auditor †¢Right to make report on his finding to the numbers including failure on the part of the directors and employees of the company to supply him with all the information and explanatio n which he deems necessary However the auditor should employ the following standards to help solve some of the challenges faced by the auditors in performance of their duties in the field, in reporting or in their general audit. †¢The audit is to be conducted by a person or persons having adequate technical training and proficiency as an auditor. In all matter relating to the assignment, an independence in mental attitude is to be maintained by the auditor or auditors †¢Due professional care is to be exercised in the performance of the audit and the preparation of the report †¢The work to be adequately planned and assisted , if any, are to be properly supervised †¢A sufficient understanding of the internal control structure is to be obtained to plan the audit and to determine the nature, timing and extent of tests to be performed †¢Sufficient competent evidential matter is to be obtained through inspection, observation, enquiries, and confirmations to afford a reasonable basis for an opinion regarding the financial statements under audit. The report shall state whether the financial statements are presented in accordance with the Generally Acceptable Accounting Principles (GAAP) †¢The report shall identify those circumstances in which such principles have not been consistently observed in the current period and the area of weaknesses within the internal control in relation to the proceeding period †¢Informative disclosures in the financial statements are to be regarded as reasonably adequate unless otherwise stated in the report †¢The report shall either contain an expression regarding the financial statements, taken as a whole, or an assertion to the effect that an opinion cannot be expressed. When an overall opinion cannot be express, the reasons therefore should be stated. In all cases where an auditor’s name is associated with the financial statements, the report should contain a clear-cut indication of the ch aracter of the auditor’s work, if any, and the degree of responsibility the auditor is taking.

Shale Inc. Code of Ethics

Introduction Shale Inc. is a company that has dedicated itself to being a reputable organization that is committed to upholding ethical business practices. To maintain the company’s reputable image, employers, employees, contractors, and anyone who is affiliated with Shale must act ethically at any given time.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Shale Inc. Code of Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Adherence to a specified code of ethics enables Shale to carry on with its reputation as a fair, just, community-friendly, and environmental-friendly company. A well-defined code of ethics makes the company an employer of choice, a leading energy solutions provider, and a viable investment vehicle. All Shale Inc. employees, directors, investors, business partners, and contractors are expected to honor and comply with this code of conduct. Violation Reporting Policies This code of ethics is not exhaus tive and some matters that are outside its scope might arise. In cases where violation against the code of ethics is witnessed, it is always advisable to exercise good judgment. A violation should first be communicated to the immediate superior. However, it is advisable to ensure that one is comfortable when talking with his/her leader. Furthermore, employees should be steadfast and honest in their violation reports. If the violation involves a superior officer, an employee can proceed to report the matter to the next leader or go directly to the human resource department. All violations should be reported without fear of retaliation because Shale Inc. has zero tolerance for retaliatory behavior. Prohibited Items and Practices Shale employees have to operate under a hazardous environment where the risk of fire is often eminent. Consequently, smoking is prohibited to eliminate unnecessary hazards within the company’s work environment. Smoking can only take place within specifi ed locations around the company’s premises. The use of alcohol and drugs in the line of work is prohibited whether it occurs during regular work hours or during overtime duties. All company employees are forbidden from taking tools or equipments of any kind from the company’s premises. Any form of stealing is also prohibited and if it is discovered, legal and administrative actions should be expected.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Political Activity, Employee Unions, and Political Lobbying Shale encourages its employees to engage in healthy politics, civil courses, and charitable activities within their communities. However, employees should distance any of their political or civil activities with the company’s image. Employees who wish to engage in any major political activity such as competitive politics should communicate their intentions to the company’s management. Employees should refrain from engaging in civil, political, or solicitation activities within the company’s premises. Any discontent within the employees’ ranks should be communicated to the management either directly or through appointed representatives. Shale Inc. prohibits the use of the company’s name in relation to the support of any political faction in a local or national capacity. Employment Practices Shale Inc. is a company that treats its employees with outmost respect and ensures that interpersonal relationships between workers are of high standard. The company can hire any qualified individuals regardless of their religious, racial, gender, age, and regional affiliations. Furthermore, it is in the company’s best interests to maintain a highly qualified work force. The employee hiring process involves all the relevant employee handlers including the supervisors on the ground. The company’s management in conjunction with the human resource department should ensure that all the hired employees match the expertise of the existing ones. The only exception for this rule is for trainees and other apprentices. Harassment The company forbids any form of harassment that may be based on color, origin, sexual orientation, weight, height, citizenship, marital status, or disability. Harassment leads to abuse, which in turn degrades the quality of the company’s work force. The company also stands against sexual harassment within the workplace. Sexual harassment refers to any unwelcome and unwanted sexual overtones. It is the duty of the human resource department to ensure that all cases of harassment within the workplace are heard and determined fairly. The company’s overall policy when it comes to harassment within the workplace is that everyone should treat other people the way he/she expects to be treated.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Shal e Inc. Code of Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discrimination Discrimination within the workplace is prohibited by the country’s constitution. Shale Inc. seeks to go far and beyond this call of duty and ensure that the company shows respect to all its employees. Therefore, Shale does not discriminate employees, clients, or business partners on basis of gender, race, religion, marital status, pregnancy, or sexual orientation. The company will not put up with any discrimination that stems from the above factors. The company endeavors to foster equal rights for women, minorities, and the aged. Shale will take into consideration the plight of individuals with special needs such as pregnant women and religious adherents. Safety and Health Safety is a prime issue in the company’s day-to-day operations. Both the company and its employees are responsible for safe work environments. The company is responsible for ensuring that the work environment is as per the industry’s standards. Furthermore, the company fosters safe practices in the work environment by enforcing habits such as the wearing of helmets and protective clothing at all times. All the equipment that is used within the company’s premises guarantees the safety of the employees by being at par with the industry standards. Due to the physical nature of the work that is undertaken at Shale, employees should maintain a healthy lifestyle and remain fit. Annual medical checkups are facilitated by the company and it is the responsibility of the employees to follow up on this provision. Employees are also provided with up to fourteen days of paid sick leave to eliminate the possibility of employees reporting to work when they are sick. Environmental Commitment The company takes great care to ensure that the integrity of the environment within its area of operation is not compromised by its activities. The company’s founder a nd most employees call Wheeling their home. Consequently, it is in the company’s best interest to ensure that no damage is done to the local environment. The company endeavors to abide to the specified environmental codes of operation. Furthermore, the company seeks to promptly report and act on any damage to the environment that may occur as a result of its operations.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Business Continuity Shale Inc. aims to continue with its activities as an energy solutions provider. The company remains open to cooperation with other like-minded players in the energy provision industry. Over the course of time, the company seeks to grow in terms of its capital base, its employee size, and scope of operation. The company is also well equipped to handle disasters of any nature. To prepare for unseen events in future, Shale has collaborated with insurance companies and government agencies. This critical writing on Shale Inc. Code of Ethics was written and submitted by user Colin Taylor to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Goonies Essay Example

The Goonies Essay Example The Goonies Essay The Goonies Essay Director: Richard Donner Writers: Steven Spielberg (story) and Chris Columbus (screenplay) Script Links: geocities. com/goonies_e/script. html dailyscript. com/scripts/goonies. pdf Release Date: 1985 Run Time: 114 minutes Genre: Adventure / Family / Comedy Rated: PG Cast: Sean Astin . Michael Mikey Walsh Josh Brolin . Brandon Brand Walsh Jeff Cohen . Lawrence Chunk Cohen Corey Feldman . Clark Mouth Devereaux Kerri Green . Andrea Andy Carmichael Martha Plimpton . Stefanie Stef Steinbrenner Jonathan Ke Quan . Richard Data Wang (as Ke Huy Quan) John Matuszak . Lotney Sloth Fratelli Robert Davi . Jake Fratelli Joe Pantoliano . Francis Fratelli Anne Ramsey . Mama Fratelli [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] [pic][pic] [pic] [pic] Directions for The Goonies Essay Project Step 1- Choose a character from the film: Michael Mikey Walsh Brandon Brand Walsh Lawrence Chunk Cohen Clark Mouth Devereaux Andrea Andy Carmichael Stefanie Stef Steinbrenner Richard Data Wang (as Ke Huy Quan) Lotney Sloth Fratelli Jake Fratelli Francis Fratelli Mama Fratelli Step 2- Using your chosen Goonie, follow him/ her on the adventure by taking notes on his/ her character trait. Use the attached Character Traits Handout and the Character Traits Worksheet to aid in your note-taking (this is a grade). Step 3- Write a character analysis essay on your Goonie. Essentially, you will use the essay format I went over in class (see Write Right packet), your notes from the film, and the Character Trait Worksheets to discuss your Goonie’s character traits. This is a formal essay. That means no never evers! No First Person, Contractions, Slang! See pages 9-12 Remembrall and the OEH pages 78-88 for a refresher! Remember the following for your Body Paragraphs: In the first topic paragraph, describe the first character trait you have chosen. Remember these can be defined by: 1. What he/ she says – words 2. What he/ she does – actions 3. What others say (or think) about him/ her – dialogue 4. What others do to him/ her – action In the second topic paragraph, describe the second character trait you have chosen. Remember these can be defined by: 1. What he/ she says – words 2. What he/ she does – actions 3. What others say (or think) about him/ her – dialogue 4. What others do to him/ her – action In the final topic paragraph, describe the third character trait you have chosen. Remember these can be defined by: 1. What he/ she says – words . What he/ she does – actions 3. What others say (or think) about him/ her – dialogue 4. What others do to him/ her – action Standards: Writing 7. 8 The student will develop expository writings. * Apply knowledge of prewriting strategies. * Elaborate the central idea in an organized manner. * Choose vocabulary and information that will cause a reader to perceive images and to ne. * Revise writing for clarity. * Edit final copies to ensure correct use of homonyms, pronoun-antecedent agreement, subject-verb agreement, and verb tense consistency. Edit final copies to ensure correct spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and format. Benchmark: Key factors learned from The Goonies Essay: 1. Time management- we had to focus on managing our time wisely so as to complete the essay (four fully written paragraphs) in the allotted time of the class. 2. Recalling Facts/ Citing- we learned to recall scenes from the film, The Goonies, and then apply it to our paragraphs as proof to support our topics. 3. Formatting- we learned how to use the Gospel to our advantage and develop our own essay formats based on the guidelines within the Gospel. . Application/ Synthesis- we learned how to take gained knowledge coupled with new information and synthesize it into an expression of our own learning. Character Traits Handout Introduction F. Scott Fitzgerald once noted, â€Å"A ction is character. † In other words, characters do things. They feel things. They hear things. They say things. They think things. They go places and so on. It is in these actions that the character’s traits are established. It is in this that we, the readers, get to â€Å"see† what kind of character thee people are: friendly, sad, nosey, love-struck, adventurous, etc. When we discuss characters in literature, poetry, and even film, we often describe them in terms of their character traits, descriptive adjectives that define the specific qualities of the character. The author/ poet/ director may present this directly, but often times, they show us this in action. Our job as readers/ viewers is to draw conclusions about the character’s traits (infer them). Below is a list of ways we can determine the traits of the character we are studying: [pic] 1. APPEARANCE AND NAME. A possible place to look for analysis is in the names of the characters: For example, Willy Loman from Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman. â€Å"Loman† says a lot about Willy be a â€Å"low man. †Ã‚   It provides the reader an opportunity to analyze the name and character. Would a man with the last name of Loman be more likely to be a powerful business man or one whose career is over? List the direct characterization of a characters appearance. Before writing a character analysis paper, list the qualities of appearance that the author has given you. Then try to analyze how the appearance develops the character. [pic] 2. ACTIONS We know a lot about a person by the way he/ she behaves. If the person cries a lot, we assume something about his or her character. If a man is always breaking up with his girlfriends, there is something we can assume about him. To begin, list actions of each characters. Then analyze how these actions define the characteristics of each characters. (See the attached Character Traits Chart Handout) [pic] 3. SPEECH As with action, we know a lot about a person by what he or she says. Also, we know a lot about a person by how the person says something. Is the character extremely ironic? To begin, list some dialogue that shows some characteristics of the character. [pic] 4. THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS Look for thoughts and feelings of a character that demonstrates to you some characteristics of the character. o   Ã‚   If a character always feels guilty, what does this say about the person? Does he have a low self-esteem? Is he extremely religious? List thoughts and feelings of each characters. Then analyze how these thoughts and feelings define the characteristics of each characters. pic] 5. CHOICES As choices are made, they reveal the characters value and self-concept. o If a character decides to help volunteer at the shelter, what does this say about her? If she decides to cheat on her husband, what does this say about? List the choices of each characters. Then analyze what these choices say about the character. How do they add to the indirect characterization? [pic] 6. COMMENTS ABOUT OTHER CHARACTERS We can learn a lot about a character when another character or the narrator says something about him or her. [pic] Some Common Character Traits Honest 2. What he/ she does – actions 3. What others say (or think) about him/ her – dialogue 4. What others do to him/ her – action In the second topic paragraph, describe the second character trait you have chosen. Remember these can be defined by: 1. What he/ she says – words 2. What he/ she does – actions 3. What others say (or think) about him/ her – dialogue 4. What others do to him/ her – action In the final topic paragraph, describe the third character trait you have chosen. Remember these can be defined by: 1. What he/ she says – words 2. What he/ she does – actions 3. What others say (or think) about him/ her – dialogue 4. What others do to him/ her – action Consider this your â€Å"example† (see the following attached page). Then, using these notes and the guideline handouts, write (fill in) with â€Å"proof† (quotes, examples from scenes, etc) a formal essay (that means NO NEVER EVERS) about the character traits of your chosen Goonie. For now, you are focusing on proof and finding evidence to support your thesis and topic sentences (see traits handouts). You may wish to consult the â€Å"Understanding† section of your Remembrall. There you may wish to review the elements of character, conflict, and theme to help you write this essay. Waldo Farguson Mr. Reese English 7, Period 1 9 February 2009 A Chunk of Character Sometimes doing the â€Å"right† thing is about making the â€Å"right† choices. In Steven Spielberg and Richard Donner’s film, The Goonies (1985), Chunk learns this difficult lesson when he and his friends, facing their last days together before a development paves over their homes, stumble onto evidence of pirates treasure. It is this new discovery and the possibilities it holds that allows Chunk’s character to truly develop throughout the whole of the story. Further, his loyalty, compassion, and courage are the specific traits that lead to the saving of their homes from pending development. Chunk’s loyalty defines his character. Notes: For the rest of the formatting of this essay, check your Write Right packet for samples and/or the OEH for development of MLA form. Keep it simple. We are working on form here. It’s like a math formula. Plug and chug to get the pattern down. Once we have this, we are free to develop our style and voice (hopefully in 4th quarter this will begin to take shape). Also, make sure you â€Å"flesh out† your defense: you need to make sure you explain your quotes and defense. Don’t simply list examples. The following page is an example of your . The Goonies. Dir. Richard Donner. Perf. Sean Astin, Josh Brolin, and Corey Feldman. 1985. DVD. Warner Brothers, 2001.

Orality (Communication) - Definition and Examples

Orality (Communication) s Orality is the use of speech  rather than writing  as a means of communication, especially in communities where the tools of literacy are unfamiliar to the majority of the population. Modern interdisciplinary studies in the history and nature of orality were initiated by theorists in the Toronto school, among them Harold Innis, Marshall McLuhan, Eric Havelock, and Walter J. Ong.  Ã‚   In Orality and Literacy (Methuen, 1982), Walter J. Ong identified some of the distinctive ways in which people in a primary oral culture [see the definition below] think and express themselves through narrative discourse: Expression is coordinate and polysyndetic ( . . . and . . . and . . . and . . .) rather than subordinate and hypotactic.Expression is aggregative (that is, speakers rely on epithets and on parallel and antithetical phrases) rather than analytic.Expression tends to be redundant and copious.Out of necessity, thought is conceptualized and then expressed with relatively close reference to the human world; that is, with a preference for the concrete rather than the abstract.Expression is agonistically toned (that is, competitive rather than cooperative).Finally, in predominantly oral cultures, proverbs (also known as maxims) are convenient vehicles for conveying simple beliefs and cultural attitudes. Etymology From the Latin oralis, mouth Examples and Observations James A. MaxeyWhat is the relationship of orality to literacy? Though disputed, all sides agree that  orality is  the predominant mode of communication in the world and that literacy is a relatively recent technological development in human history.Pieter J.J. BothaOrality as a condition exists by virtue of communication that is not dependent on modern media processes and techniques. It is negatively formed by the lack of technology and positively created by specific forms of education and cultural activities. . . . Orality refers to the experience of words (and speech) in the habitat of sound. Ong on Primary Orality and Secondary Orality Walter J. OngI style the orality of a culture totally untouched by any knowledge or writing or print, primary orality. It is primary by contrast with the secondary orality of present-day high-technology culture, in which a new orality is sustained by telephone, radio, television, and other electronic devices that depend for their existence and functioning on writing and print. Today primary oral culture in the strict sense hardly exists, since every culture knows of writing and has some experience of its effects. Still, to varying degrees many cultures and subcultures, even in a high-technology ambiance, preserve much of the mind-set of primary orality. Ong on Oral Cultures Walter J. OngOral cultures indeed produce powerful and beautiful verbal performances of high artistic and human worth, which are no longer even possible once writing has taken possession of the psyche. Nevertheless, without writing, human consciousness cannot achieve its fuller potentials, cannot produce other beautiful and powerful creations. In this sense, orality needs to produce and is destined to produce writing. Literacy . . . is absolutely necessary for the development not only of science but also of history, philosophy, explicative understanding of literature and of any art, and indeed for the explanation of language (including oral speech) itself. There is hardly an oral culture or a predominantly oral culture left in the world today that is not somehow aware of the vast complex of powers forever inaccessible without literacy. This awareness is agony for persons rooted in primary orality, who want literacy passionately but who also know very well that moving into the excitin g world of literacy means leaving behind much that is exciting and deeply loved in the earlier oral world. We have to die to continue living. Orality and Writing Rosalind ThomasWriting is not necessarily the mirror-image and destroyer of orality, but reacts or interacts with oral communication in a variety of ways. Sometimes the line between written and oral even in a single activity cannot actually be drawn very clearly, as in the characteristic Athenian contract which involved witnesses and an often rather slight written document, or the relation between the performance of a play and the written and published text. Clarifications Joyce Irene MiddletonMany misreadings, misinterpretations, and misconceptions about orality theory are due, in part, to [Walter J.] Ongs rather slippery use of seemingly interchangeable terms that very diverse audiences of readers interpret in various ways. For example, orality is not the opposite of literacy, and yet many debates about orality are rooted in oppositional values . . .. In addition, orality was not replaced by literacy: Orality is permanentwe have always and will continue to always use human speech arts in our various forms of communication, even as we now witness changes in our personal and professional uses of alphabetic forms of literacy in a number of ways. Pronunciation: o-RAH-li-tee

An evaluation of the claim that Rousseau's Social Contract sacrifices Essay

An evaluation of the claim that Rousseau's Social Contract sacrifices the individual to the collective - Essay Example The will of the public is represented though democratic procedures in society. While most interest converge to reflect the overarching consensus within society, there are bound to be some marginalized opinions. This means that society has to develop a means of arbitrating between what is right and wrong. Rousseau developed a simple calculus for making this decision. He uses the general will to evaluate whether the upholding the individuals rights is good for society as a collective entity. In this paper after providing background information on the nature of humanity, I describe the social contract and the role of government. Next, we explore the philosophical framework that surrounds the rights that individuals have in society. Before concluding, I discuss the General Will and determine whether its meant to sacrifice the individual for the collective. II. Background Rousseau exclaimed that the state of nature existed without the rule of law or a system of morality. In this state hum ans banned together for the benefits and necessity of cooperation. As society became increasingly developed, the perpetual division of labor and the extension of private property demanded the totality of the human race to adopt governing institutions of law. This structure of society forces individuals to be increasingly interdependent whereby on one hand, they continue competition while on the other hand, they require each other. Rousseau theorized that by joining together into a civil society through the social contract surrendering their natural rights, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free. Specifically, because the submission to the authority of the general will guarantees individuals protection against being subordinated to the wills of others and ensures that they obey the collective because they are, holistically, the authors of the law. This is where the general will becomes and important aspect of Rousseau’s Theory of the social contract. But all of this analysis started from an initial concept of human nature as naturally selfish. Lets discuss the psychological and sociological structure of society. If Humans are psychologically different, then it is easier to justify differential treatment of others. But if we are psychological alike, then one will find much more difficulty vindicating such claims. Hence my task with the analysis I provide you here, will be to prove that humans are psychologically alike as well as provide a clear definition for our psychological existence. Traditional conceptions of the psychological definition of humanity came from two different schools of thought. Either humans are naturally good, or they are naturally bad. I would argue that neither is correct and that humans are a blank slate, but let’s tackle the traditional conceptions first. First, Humans are naturally good. This belief is most notably held by the famous philosophical thinker Jean Jacques Rousseau. In The Inequality among Men â€Å"So many authors have hastily concluded that man is naturally cruel, and requires a regular system of police to be reclaimed; whereas nothing can be more gentle than he in his primitive state, when placed by nature at an equal distance from the stupidity of brutes, and the pernicious good sense of civilized man; and equally confined by instinct and reason to the care of providing against the mischief which threatens him, he is withheld by natural compassion from doing any injury to others, so far from

Explaining a Concept Research Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Explaining a Concept Research Paper - Assignment Example Although that is the ideal set-up, taking the car to the garage every time for a simple oil change can actually add up in costs and rack up quite a bill for the car owner throughout the year. That is why it there are some do-it-yourself supporters out these who believe that the oil change, being a really simple process, can be done by the car owner him or herself. Doing the oil change yourself allows you to get to know the under pinnings and other parts of your car better while also giving you the bragging rights to being a master â€Å"oil change† mechanic. The purpose of this concept paper is to do exactly that, explain the reason, concept, and method by which a car owner can change his own car oil. It is important to remember that although changing the car oil is something that is relatively easy to do with the right tools and equipment, there is still a strong tendency to do it the wrong way. Done properly, the oil change you personally did will result in a purring engine. Do it wrong and you end up back at the garage paying for more than just an oil change. It is this possibility that usually sends most car owners to the nearest garage or gas station for a quick oil change. But with these shops continuing to raise their prices for simple services, having an oil change done professionally does not seem financially sound anymore (â€Å" DIY Car Maintenance - How to Change Your Car Oil Yourself†). In fact, learning to do the oil change yourself will save you not only money, but time wasted sitting in the client lounge of the local garage, waiting for the service to be completed in 3 hours when it should only take 20 minutes on average to do yourself. It would be best to allot an hour for changing the oil the first time that you set out to do the task yourself. This will allow you enough time to get to know the parts of your car and change the oil, inspect the oil plug, etc. without being pressed for time. The whole process should go relatively f ast provided you have the following proper tools and materials prepared beforehand: Wrench to remove the drain plug (box or socket) Oil filter wrench Oil drain pan Funnel Latex gloves Jack and jack stands (optional, depends on ground clearance) Oil Oil Filter Replacement drain plug washer (depending on application) (Edmunds, Dan â€Å"How to Change Your Oil) Now, before you go wrench crazy because you have all the tools you need already, and start to unscrew everything underneath your car, it is important to consult the car manual to make sure that you bought the correct oil and oil filter at the auto supply store. The wrong motor oil or filter will result in a major disaster for your little home project. It is necessary to check your car manual because the manual might require; ... other specific oil requirements as defined by the by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the International Lubricant Standardization Approval Committee (ILSAC.) Sometimes synthetic oil is express ly called for. Sometimes it's not necessary. And sometimes its use is implied by additional requirements (Edmunds, Dan â€Å"How to Change Your Oil). By following those aforementioned instructions as a diy person, you will ensure that the correct car oil will be used in your car. It is also necessary to make sure that you use the correct oil filter with your car because if; ... your owner’

Diffusion Across Biological Membranes Essay Example for Free

Diffusion Across Biological Membranes Essay From the cell simulation modal made, it has explained about the aspects of diffusion and indicator solution (chemical testing) to test for particular substances. From the observation made, iodine and glucose have greater concentration due to small molecular size and also they are monomers. It means their molecules are smaller. Thus, it diffused out to create a state of equilibrium. On the other hand, starch molecules did not move by diffusion across a membrane into or out of the cell due to the large molecular side. This is because many repeated glucose subunits are found in starch structure. Starch is a polymer. This is the reason why the water in the beaker or 1 inch dialysis tube did not turn dark blue as no starch molecules diffuse out. However, the liquid outside of cell was cloudy. When iodine indicator and Benedict’s test, tested for presence of iodine and glucose respectively, the colour change was not very distinctive. Hence, we came to a rationale that more time could have needed for glucose and iodine achieve diffusion as 1 hour was not enough to complete as perhaps molecules on one side of a membrane become trapped by binding to macromolecule. On the other hand, perhaps water in the beaker could have been too diluted so could not detect the presence of glucose and iodine using indicators. This process is termed as osmosis. In osmosis, molecules also travel from higher concentration to lower concentration. However, osmosis only occurs in water. Water molecules are polar and small enough to pass through the membrane. Therefore, from this experiment, we can understand that water is essential for cells survival. However, too much of water will result in hypotonic. ells is placed with a lower concentration, then osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid is less than intracellular fluid. As a result, water flow into the cell causing it to swell and undergo lysis (burst). Likewise, if a cell is placed into a solution with higher osmotic concentration than the intracellular fluid such as salt solution. The osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid will exceed that of the intracellular fluid casing the cell to shrink and crenate. Hence, it’s hypertonic. This explains why when a small dose of fertilizer can enhance plant growth but over fertilization can kill the plant. Fertilization has salt and salt dehydrates the cytoplasm in the cell and would dry up making the cells shrivel up and die. Iodine indicators and Benedict’s solution proved that when a substance reacts with its indicator solution, a reaction will occur and cause a colour change. In this case, iodine test used to test for the presence of iodine in the solution and Benedict’s solution is use to detect glucose. It is important for Benedict’s solution to be heated as it’s a way to prove that it is the mixing of the two that creates the bright orange colour. If the benedict’s solutions were to be heated separately or the solution to be heated there will not be any results produced to test the presence of glucose. The indicator solution will react only if the substance is meant for is present, then it will react. Else there would not be any changes to observe. Indicators come in handy when dealing with unknown samples of ingredients to prove what a substance is. A negative control is used yield a negative result. This is to ensure that all the reagents are pure and there is no contamination that will give a false result. Conclusion In conclusion, we can conclude that diffusion occur spontaneously and molecular size and charges matters when molecule pass thought cell membrane unless its molecular size is small and it’s a monomer diffusion will occur spontaneously. However, if the molecular size is big and it might also hinders the passage way for smaller molecules to diffuse to a higher concentration to lower concentration to bring it to an equilibrium state. We also concluded that cell should maintain a isotonic environment to conduct its activity smoothly else in hypertonic or hypotonic, it will burst or shrivel and eventually kills the cell. Therefore, diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport and happens spontaneously.

Essay examples --

Paola Valencia Professor Nanda English 102 13 February 2013 Literary Analysis of â€Å"Soldier’s Home† Inspired by his days of service in the Ambulance Corps during the First World War, Hemingway utilizes his experience to tell the story of a soldier’s struggle to get back home both physically and mentally in his short story â€Å"Soldier’s Home†. Hemingway captivates his readers in a tale of a soldier’s (Harold Krebs) late return home from World War I. Upon his return, Krebs discovers that the life he once knew changed. In fact, his life had changed so drastically that upon his return, Krebs’ life no longer fit in its former place. Ernest Hemingway is often noted for writing stories that seem flat and lifeless but his unadorned prose style nevertheless manages to be extremely suggestive and effective in its plainness. Hemingway manages to give depth to his writing and give it hidden meaning. Hemingway gives his readers the responsibility of interpreting and making a personal connection through a gloomy tone and ironic setting to the story as they g et farther and farther into Krebs' world of despair and the emotions that he is struggling with; allowing readers to go on a more personal journey along with Krebs in discovering his new post war society and the role that he plays in it. The title itself exemplifies Hemingway talents in giving depth and suggestive symbolism to plain text. The title â€Å"Soldier’s Home† implies a hint of foreshadowing to the story. Rather than sounding like a statement to assure the reader that the soldier is happy to be home, Hemingway’s title suggests more of a question: where is this soldier’s home? Did he ever make it home? Does he even have a home to come back to? The title of this short story also sets up t... ...uth about it. Krebs feel nauseas and uncomfortable when lying about his experience. Bound by lies, Krebs forgets his brave and heroic deeds at war. That is the reason Krebs develops a bitter sense towards the war and distaste for everything that has happened to him. By placing his character Krebs back at home after the war, Hemingway is able to set up the post war tone of despair and nostalgia to shows Krebs’ unhappiness of being home from war and difficulty adjusting to society. Krebs is caught somewhere in the mix of his former life, his life in the military, and his new life at home. The â€Å"Soldier's Home† illustrates the misfortune and struggles that of a soldier return home. Hemingway gives his readers the tools in order to interpret the story and make it a more personal connection. He captivates his audience as they are somehow able to relate to this tragedy.

The Second Race for Space: Nasa vs. Private Space Enterprise

â€Å"NASA spent millions of dollars inventing the ball-point pen so they could write in space. The Russians took a pencil. † This quote stated by the historian Will Chabot signifies the controversy surrounding NASA’s excessive spending throughout the years. In 1957 it was made clear the Soviets were the first into space when an alien like beeping sounds were projected through radios across America. President Dwight. D Eisenhower portrayed America was far behind the Soviets when he signed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Act of 1958.Despite the past significance of Neil Armstrong’s walk on the moon, we find ourselves today charitably donating this government run bureaucracy billions of dollars that could be used more effectively in the field by others. People still believe in the government ran NASA, stating they use their funds effectively towards research and space exploration. These people feel organization should continue to receive mo ney from the government to better our knowledge on space exploration and research.There is, in contrast, the growingly popular view that independently funded and run commercial space corporations deserve a share of the funding contributed to NASA. From looking at NASA’s wasteful past, its unproductive organizational management, along with what commercial enterprise has already proven for itself, it is made clear that there are effective alternatives to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Many American citizens know little about NASA’s projects throughout the past few decades; sure enough there is a reason why.Since the 1980s nearly five billion dollars have been wasted by NASA’s projects that had little success nor benefits for the science community. In President Reagan’s 1986 State of the Union Address, he proposed The National Aerospace Plane to be built by NASA. Just six years and 1. 7 billion dollars later, the program was canceled befo re anything was even built. In the years to come Vice President Al Gore announced the acceptance of the replacement X-33 project, a spacecraft that could be used more than once.In 2001, by NASA’s error, cracks were found in the spacecraft’s fuel tanks. This led to yet another botched NASA project, causing a waste of a staggering 1. 2 billion dollars. Throughout the same years as the X-33, NASA was working on the X-34 and X-38, a reusable rocket and a reusable lifeboat for the International Space Station. After four years and almost no hardware production, both were canceled resulting in another waste of well over one billion dollars. The amount of scientific data gathered from these models didn’t compare to a fraction of the price NASA contributed.During the year 2000, even as the previous projects were being exterminated, NASA managed to get approval for another program known as the Space Launch Initiative. For two years this project consumed 800 million dollar s resulting in nothing other than blueprints (Zimmerman). These pricey papers were soon added to the heaping pile of waste NASA accumulated when the project was cut. While these numbers seem baffling to most, there is still more ways this organization has wasted our tax dollars.NASA’s ill equipped security systems put at a costly risk the successful projects they have spent so much money on creating. There has been a minimum of 5,408 successful breaches in NASA’s security, many of which were sponsored by foreign intelligence agencies (Fogarty, par. 7). To illustrate why this is such a critical problem for our funding, we will take only the years of 2011 and 2012 into account. Throughout this time NASA has not only lost control of the International Space Station’s functions, but suffered a loss of seven million dollars in hacked restricted data (Fogarty, par. ). Is this the corporation we want to invest billions in? From what continues to happen to this day it is made clear that NASA has, and will continue, to improperly manage the money it is given for space exploration and research. Though the staggering number of wasted funds seem unbelievable to most, the reason for their existence can be found in the organizations very own infrastructure. NASA’s organizational management is counterproductive when working with a budget.NASA has shifted resources away from effective principal investigators, when a single man is responsible for a projects completion, and towards manufacturers that operate under the governments bureaucratic rein (Baker, pg. 2). While looking into NASA’s management it is clear that there isn’t close to a sufficient amount of authoritative decision making. It is not that teams operating under a bureaucracy such as NASA aren’t skilled enough to take the best plan of action; it’s that no one has the jurisdiction to assign tasks and hold people accountable for their completion. (Molta, par. 2) .This lack of authority has led to shuttle catastrophe where America’s citizens watch their countries creation ignite in a ball of flame. The NASA Administrator Sean O’Keefe presented himself before a Senate committee years after the Columbia tragedy. Senator Fritz Hollings scolded O’Keefe for taking one of the Columbia shuttle managers who was criticized for the explosion and made him second in command of NASA’s safety office. â€Å"That doesn't indicate to me that you got it,† Hollings stated (Zimmerman). While something must be going on behind the scenes there is another problem at hand.Bureaucracies such as NASA have trouble with establishing proper span of control. There is of course no set number of subordinates a NASA advisor can successfully supervise. This leads to employees not getting enough management support when taking actions that may jeopardies the project (Molta, par. 3). After all most of us cannot even fathom the money and precis ion that goes into creating something such as a space shuttle. NASA’s thriftiness is further decreased from the basis in which it receives funds. The entrepreneur who co-founded PayPal, Mr.Musk, stated â€Å"NASA’s contractors work by the â€Å"Cost plus† model encouraging aerospace companies to find the most expensive way to do something and drag it out as long as possible. † He went on to say †Future contracts should be given to meet milestones based on objective design reviews and actual hardware completion. If a company meets the milestone, they get paid. If not, they don't† (Tierney, par. 9). Due to the fact that NASA does not get any reward for accomplishing any landmarks within a specified time zone, there is no telling how inefficient they will be with the funding they receive.They have no incentive to be thrifty with the funds that they have. From these reasons it is made clear NASA’s flawed structure wastes our money. Indeed t his negative talk of NASA may make it appear as though space exploration is nothing but a waste of money. However, independently owned commercial space corporations have proven to be highly beneficial. Throughout NASA’s most notorious years of the 1960s it was the competing private space enterprises that manufactured the products NASA gets accredited for.Specialized private companies manufactured for NASA rockets, capsules, and lunar landers for cheap prices with the intentions of the government buying their products for years to come. However, once the Cold War was over NASA stopped working with outside companies, causing many to collapse (Zimmerman). It is clear from NASA’s history that it hasn’t been close to as efficient as it has been while it was purchasing from outside manufacturers. Present day Private space corporations have had several innovational breakthroughs NASA had not discovered after its nearly sixty years in existence.After only a few years in existence, Xcore developed for NASA the rocket engines that are generally inside the jets of the nascent rocket-racing industry. They have also provided NASA with an engine that can run on nothing other than liquid oxygen and methane (Klerx, pg. 18). The next example is a key reason why private companies forced to accomplish tasks on a minimum budget have the brain power to do so accordingly. While NASA goes about building every rocket vertically, Space X revolutionized the assembly process by instead creating rockets horizontally.This avoids the multimillion dollar cost NASA incurs for having to create and move customized towers and scaffolding (Tierney, pg. 7). From four private enterprise’s recent accomplishment came $269 million gifted to them by NASA. This award was granted by the Obama administration’s Commercial Crew Development Program, whose goal is to push outside companies to get their ships into orbit at a quicker pace and at a lower cost than NASA (Chang) . From looking back from NASA’s glory days to recent monetary rewards, commercial space corporations have already left their mark in what humans have accomplished.With the government increasingly working with private enterprise, there is no telling what NASA’s fate will be. What can be made certain of is the fact that there will always be at least two points of views surrounding this controversy of government versus private space enterprise. While many will stick by NASA’s side until life itself is over, others will take into consideration NASA’s improperly managed funds, its flawed organizational management, and commercial enterprises advances that have already been accomplished.These supporting groups of information all revolve around the fact that commercial space enterprise will much more effectively put to use the money that NASA consumes. Stephen Hawking proclaimed â€Å"I don’t think the human race will survive the next thousand years unles s we spread into space. † For this reason and many more humans will forever continue their mission to the final frontier. Only time will truly tell if private or public will better help man in this race for space.

Cambridge as Level Weathering Process

Weathering Process Physical Weathering Processes Freeze Thaw (Frost Shattering) Temperatures need to fluctuate above and below freezing. When the temperature drops below 0 degrees, water collected in rock cracks freezes and expands. When temperatures rise again the ice melts. Pressure created by expansion results in progressive weakening of the rock. At high altitudes frost-shattered material forms scree slopes. Heating & Cooling Thermal expansion & contraction of rock in response to rising and falling temperatures. The daily cycle of heating and cooling sets up stresses in the rock that cause it to disintegrate.Occurs mostly in deserts where there is the greatest diurnal temperature range. Also occurs during bush fires. Wetting & Drying (Slaking) Rock is alternately wetted then dried. Minerals which make up clay rocks expand when wetted, then contract on drying-out. The stresses from repeated expansion and contraction cause the rock to disintegrate. This process commonly occurs on t he intertidal zone of coasts. Exfoliation (Onion weathering/Spheroidal) Under warm conditions rock surfaces heat up and expand more than the main mass of the internal body of the rock.Eventually the surface layers split off or spall from the lower layers, sometimes in slightly curved sheets like the layers of an onion. Seen especially in granite. Crystal Growth (Salt Weathering) Salt crystals, such as sodium carbonate and magnesium sulphate grow within spaces in a rock. It happens when saline water enters cracks in rocks then evaporates. The growing crystals prise the rock apart and small pieces break off. This process is especially effective in semi-arid areas and coastal regions. Pressure Release (Dilation) Not caused by elements of weather.Occurs either when erosion removes a heavy covering of rock or when large ice sheets melt. The removal of great weight allows the rock layers beneath to expend. As they expand they also fracture to produce bedding planes parallel to the ground surface. The spaces between the bedding planes (joints) are now open to the influence of further weathering. Organic Action The breaking up of rock by plant roots and burrowing animals. Roots grow into cracks and lines of weakness & as they thicken exert increasing pressure and cause rocks to fracture.Chemical Weathering Processes Hydrolysis The most common chemical weathering process. Carbonic acid in rain water releases hydrogen ions from the water which then combine with minerals in rocks causing them to break down. This is common in rocks containing feldspar e. g. granite. The end products weathered feldspar are clay minerals known as kaolinite. Kaolinite is an important component of fine bone China. Hydration This occurs when water is absorbed into the crystal structure of certain minerals and causes chemical changes e. g. nhydrite absorbs water to become gypsum which is soft and crumbly. Carbonation On contact with calcium carbonate (the main component of limestone), carbonic acid found in rain water creates calcium bicarbonate. As calcium bicarbonate is readily dissolved in water it is quickly transported away, leaving behind only the clay and quartz impurities of the limestone. This process is most common in regions with limestone geology. Solution Some minerals in rocks do not require a chemical reaction to become soluble e. g. rock slat readily dissolves in water. OxidationSome minerals in rocks react with oxygen dissolved in water to form oxides This process commonly occurs in rocks containing iron. Iron in its ferrous from is changed by oxidation into its ferric from leading to the collapse of tis molecular structure. Commonly this is known as ‘rust’. Chelation Lichens and decomposing organic matter in soil (humus) release organic acids. These acids attack certain minerals in rock, releasing iron and aluminium ions which are then transported way by water. The process of release is called chelation and the organic acids are known as che lating agents.

Thesis

Thesis: School uniforms should be required in public schools because their use would lead to higher education, less violence, and lower cost to parents. School uniforms in public schools are becoming increasingly popular across the nation. The public school system would benefit greatly if this policy were to be adopted. Opposition is always a factor when trying to make changes. Taking all things into consideration, the positive effects would be far greater than the negative effects. School uniforms should be required in public schools because their use would lead to higher education, less violence, and lower cost to parents. By requiring school uniforms in public schools, education will be improved. A dress code will enforce discipline toward learning. Uniforms improve a persons outlook toward success. Students generally act the way they are dressed. With fewer distractions, students see the school as a workplace for teaching and learning. Students also have less stress in their lives because they are not in a fashion competition. Dress codes also lead to a change in grades. Mainly this happens because the students attendance comes up. There is also a change in grades because it is easier to focus when everyone looks alike. Another reason school uniforms should be required in public schools is that it causes less violence. There will be less peer pressure toward competition to distract the students from their studies. Everyone will be equal if the uniforms were to be required. The weapons factor will be cut down drastically by mandatory uniforms. The reason for this violence decrease is that weapons will be harder to conceal. If the weapons are harder to conceal, there will be less attempts to hide the weapons and fewer will be brought to our school or school functions. This brings about a change for the better, because it reduces social classes. Cost is another reason that school uniforms sho ...

Aftershocks Are Not Afterthoughts

Aftershocks Are Not Afterthoughts Aftershocks, those who live through major earthquakes often say, are worse than the main shock in their own way. At least the main shock took them by surprise and was over fairly soon, in less than a minute usually. But with aftershocks, people are stressed already, dealing with disrupted lives and cities. They expect aftershocks at any minute, day or night. When a building is damaged by the main shock, aftershocks can take it down- maybe when youre inside cleaning it up. No wonder Susan Hough, the government seismologist who gets in the news whenever temblors do, calls aftershocks ghosts of earthquakes past. The Duration of Aftershocks I can show you some aftershocks right now: just look at the map of recent earthquakes for the San Simeon area of California. In any given week, there are aftershocks there from the 2003 San Simeon earthquake. And east of Barstow  you can still see a trickle of aftershocks from the October 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. Indeed, some scientists argue that aftershocks may last for centuries in places, like continental interiors, where plate motions that build up stresses in the crust are very slow. This makes intuitive sense, but careful studies using long historical catalogs will need to be done. The Trouble with Aftershocks Two things about aftershocks make them troublesome. First, they arent restricted to the spot where the main shock occurred, but can strike tens of kilometers away- and, say, if a magnitude 7 quake was centered out beyond the suburbs but one of its magnitude 5 aftershocks happened right underneath City Hall, the littler one might be the worse of the two. This was the case with the Christchurch, New Zealand earthquake of September 2010 and its large aftershock five months later. Second, aftershocks dont necessarily get smaller as time passes. They get fewer, but sizable ones can happen long after most of the little ones have ended. In Southern California, this phenomenon aroused so much concern after the Northridge quake of 17 January 1994 that Hough wrote an op-ed piece for the Los Angeles Times on the subject three full years later. Scientific Uses of Aftershocks Aftershocks are scientifically interesting because they are good ways to map the underground fault zone that ruptured in the main shock. (Heres how they look for the cases of Northridge.) In the case of the 28 September 2004 Parkfield quake, you can see that the first hour of aftershocks alone outlines the ruptured zone quite well. Aftershocks are also interesting because theyre fairly well behaved- meaning that they have a detectable pattern, unlike all other quakes. The definition that scientists use for an aftershock is any seismic event occurring within one rupture-zone length of a main shock and within the time it takes for seismicity to fall off to what it was before the main shock. This body of quakes fits three mathematical rules, more or less. The first is the Gutenberg-Richter relation, which says that as you go down one magnitude unit in size, aftershocks increase in number by about ten times. The second is called Baths law, which says that the largest aftershock is, on average, 1.2 magnitude units smaller than the main shock. And finally, Omoris law states that aftershock frequency decreases by roughly the reciprocal of time after the main shock. These numbers differ a bit in different active regions depending on their geology, but theyre close enough for government work as the saying goes. So seismologists can advise the authorities immediately after a large earthquake that a certain area can expect X probabilities of aftershocks of Y sizes for Z period of time. The U.S. Geological Surveys STEP project produces a daily map of California with the current risk of strong aftershocks for the next 24 hours. Thats as good a forecast as we can make, and probably the best possible given that earthquakes are inherently unpredictable. Aftershocks in the Quiet Zones Still to be determined is how much Omoris law varies beyond active tectonic settings. Large earthquakes are rare away from plate boundary zones, but a 2000 paper in Seismological Research Letters by John Ebel showed that aftershocks of these intra-plate earthquakes could last for several centuries. One of those was the 1663 Charlevoix, Quebec, earthquake; another was the 1356 earthquake in Basel, Switzerland. In the American Midwest, those would be prehistoric events. In 2009 Seth Stein and Mian Liu argued in Nature that these quiet settings seem to slow everything down, with stress increasing slowly and aftershock sequences lasting longer. They also noted that where the historical record is short, such as in the United States, it may be a mistake to judge the degree of earthquake hazard from events that are actually aftershocks rather than background seismicity. This knowledge may not help you cope with your nerves if you live in an aftershock zone. But it does give you some guidelines as to how bad things will be. And more concretely, it can help engineers judge how probable it is that your new building will be hit by significant aftershocks over the next few years and plan accordingly. PS: Susan Hough and her colleague Lucy Jones wrote an article on this subject for Eos, the house journal for the American Geophysical Union, in November 1997. The U.S. Geological Survey scientists closed by saying that we would like to propose that the phrase just an aftershock be hereafter banned from the English language. Tell your neighbors.

Math 107 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Math 107 - Coursework Example Thus, this design helps control for some lurking variables and avoids problems with confounding. 10) The actual adults satisfied with their jobs= 54% * 1581 =854 adults. From this, the 95% confidence interval is 44% to 86%. This confidence interval in consistent with the national poll result of the significance test indicated, but is more informative since it gives a range of values for the true proportion of adults 12) Double-blind is a stringent way of conducting an experiment on human subjects in order to eliminate subjective bias on both experimental group and the experimenters. More than not, double-blind experiments are employed to achieve a higher standard of scientific rigor. In this method,  neither the subjects nor the researcher knows who belongs to a control group and who belongs to an experimental group. Thus, performing the experiment in a double-blind way is used to lessen the influence of individual prejudices and unintentional physical cues on the results of the experiment. In medical studies, double-blind methods applied since there is always the possibility that the study results would be affected by conscious and unconscious bias by the experimenter. 16) In trying to make a weighted voting system that works, one first notices that the chair and vice chair actually have the same power (given the rule), so they are given the same weight (say, 5). The other three members also have the same weight, say 3 (two members must weigh more than of the chairs). Then the quota would have to be smaller than or equal to 13 (for the two chairs plus one other member to win), smaller than or equal to 11 (for one of the chairs plus two members to win), and larger than 10 and 9 (so that the two chairs alone, or the three members alone, cannot win). Thus it looks like 11 works here; indeed, the weighted voting system [11:5, 5, 3, 3, 3] is equivalent to the

The Ideas about Masculinity and Femininity in Studying Empire and Essay

The Ideas about Masculinity and Femininity in Studying Empire and British Society - Essay Example The ideas of the survival of the fittest were proclaimed by Herbert Spencer2 and they are relevant to the context of the British Empire development, where males were the privileged class. The most relevant features of masculinity were competition, athleticism, and militant domination. It was a new kind of masculinity, or a colonial masculinity. A Kshatriyan model of masculinity was dominant over Brahmanic masculinity. The British Empire substituted local rituals with colonial traditions in  sub-Saharan Africa and India. They intended to civilize Africans and Indians. In British India female madness was one of the most striking issues. Thomas August refers to the British Colonial woman as to a â€Å"male mad-person"3. The male population was privileged in India by the British Empire. Maccracken-Flesher talks about the greatest social contrast naming them as a "gentlemanly colonial power" to a "feminine Orient."4The colonial India faced with gender differences and the middle Bengali s' were portrayed by the Britons as effeminate and thus politically inacceptable figures. As a result of these social changes introduced by the British Empire, there is no wonder that domestic and exotic issues went hand in hand. The ideas of family belonging and obedience in Indian society were undermined by the British social norms of development. The issues of sex and intimacy play the crucial role in comprehending the peculiarities of the nations’ development. Racial status and the role of the nation were often contrasted. The powers of the nation were challenged by retaining the powers of the national family, the exotic becomes more necessary and exciting than ever and the role of exotic males and females played a crucial role in the development of the British society. Roy Anindio underlines that when the limits and influence of nations were questioned, fears of population movement occurred5. There were many marriages between the Britons and Hindu women, known as Anglo-I ndians, or Eurasians. Nearly 90% of the British in India created such marriages. It is possible to claim that the British society in such a way expanded not only their territory, but also religion. In the end of the eighteenth century Anglo-Indians males were prohibited from military service and it was a great impact caused on the British Empire society. Anglo-Indian community became endogamous and stabilized in 1835. British males in the new world were strong fighters and bachelor settlers. In the East the majority of British men found different opportunities for assimilation and adaptation to the alien societies. They were interested in the native language and native communities6. The wives played a role of companions for their husbands. Their husbands were fighting men and it was necessary to cope with difficulties and to accompany them in difficult trips in the East. When British women had their seven years old children, they sent them to Britain, where education was better. The y often separated themselves from their children in order to prevent their husbands’ romantic relations with the Indian women. In Africa British women lived under dreadful conditions. The British males very often had their black-skinned female lovers and it was a great shock for the British women. The life of the British women in Cape was less difficult. They were served by a large number of servants. The women started playing different roles in the South African

Price Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Price Discrimination - Essay Example 0 B C A D Quantity In the above diagram the horizontal axis measures quantity in the vertical axis we measure nominal price and utility expressed in terms of money. KD is the marginal utility curve. The price is given by OP. So E is the equilibrium point that obeys the two conditions (both necessary and sufficient). Now we can logically explain why E is the equilibrium point Let us consider that the consumer is consuming 0B amount. For 0Bth unit the consumer is willing to pay BL units of money but he actually needs to pay BG units. His willingness to pay is greater than his actual payment. So he will raise the consumption and consequently there will be a decline in the willingness to pay by the consumer. Finally at point E the willingness to pay matches with the actual payments. The marginal utility curve is the demand curve as it depicts the demand price of the commodity at each corresponding level of consumption. On the other hand at each level of price the equilibrium demand for the commodity by the consumer is determined by the marginal utility curve. In the above diagram the total willingness to pay is measured by summing up the willingness to pay at each level of q. Hence the total willingness to pay is given by the area of 0KEA and actual payment is P.q. 0A*0P= 0PEA. Hence the consumer's surplus is given by the area of KEP. Mathematically we can show C.S as We suppose that is the equilibrium level of consumption which is given by 0A in the figure. As we know that then Hence consumer's surplus can be expressed as The difference between total utility (willingness to pay in terms of money) and the total expenditure on the goods consumed. Graphically the...KD is the marginal utility curve. The price is given by OP. So E is the equilibrium point that obeys the two conditions (both necessary and sufficient). Let us consider that the consumer is consuming 0B amount. For 0Bth unit the consumer is willing to pay BL units of money but he actually needs to pay BG units. His willingness to pay is greater than his actual payment. So he will raise the consumption and consequently there will be a decline in the willingness to pay by the consumer. Finally at point E the willingness to pay matches with the actual payments. The marginal utility curve is the demand curve as it depicts the demand price of the commodity at each corresponding level of consumption. On the other hand at each level of price the equilibrium demand for the commodity by the consumer is determined by the marginal utility curve. In the above diagram the total willingness to pay is measured by summing up the willingness to pay at each level of q. Hence the total willingness to pay is given by the area of 0KEA and actual payment is P.q. The difference between total utility (willingness to pay in terms of money) and the total expenditure on the goods consumed. Graphically the portion below the demand curve and above the price line represents consumer's surplus. (Sen, 2002) The first degree of price discr

Computers Insiders Threat

Computers Insiders Threat While attacks on computers by outside intruders are more publicized, attacks perpetrated by insiders are very common and often more damaging. Insiders represent the greatest threat to computer security because they understand their organizations business and how their computer systems work. They have both the confidentiality and access to perform these attacks. An inside attacker will have a higher probability of successfully breaking into the system and extracting critical information. The insiders also represent the greatest challenge to securing the company network because they are authorized a level of access to the file system and granted a degree of trust. A system administrator angered by his diminished role in a thriving defense manufacturing firm whose computer network he alone had developed and managed, centralized the software that supported the companys manufacturing processes on a single server, and then intimidated a coworker into giving him the only backup tapes for that software. Following the system administrators termination for inappropriate and abusive treatment of his coworkers, a logic bomb previously planted by the insider detonated, deleting the only remaining copy of the critical software from the companys server. The company estimated the cost of damage in excess of $10 million, which led to the layoff of some 80 employees. An application developer, who lost his IT sector job as a result of company downsizing, expressed his displeasure at being laid off just prior to the Christmas holidays by launching a systematic attack on his former employers computer network. Three weeks following his termination, the insider used the username and password of one of his former coworkers to gain remote access to the network and modify several of the companys web pages, changing text and inserting pornographic images. He also sent each of the companys customers an email message advising that the website had been hacked. Each email message also contained that customers usernames and passwords for the website. An investigation was initiated, but it failed to identify the insider as the perpetrator. A month and a half later, he again remotely accessed the network, executed a script to reset all network passwords and changed 4,000 pricing records to reflect bogus information. This former employee ultimately was identified as the perpetrator and prosecuted. He was sentenced to serve five months in prison and two years on supervised probation, and ordered to pay $48,600 restitution to his former employer. A city government employee who was passed over for promotion to finance director retaliated by deleting files from his and a coworkers computers the day before the new finance director took office. An investigation identified the disgruntled employee as the perpetrator of the incident. City government officials disagreed with the primary police detective on the case as to whether all of the deleted files were recovered. No criminal charges were filed, and, under an agreement with city officials, the employee was allowed to resign. These incidents of sabotage were all committed by â€Å"insiders:† individuals who were, or previously had been, authorized to use the information systems they eventually employed to perpetrate harm. Insiders pose a substantial threat by virtue of their knowledge of, and access to, employer systems and/or databases. Keeney, M., et al (2005) The Nature of Security Threats The greatest threat to computer systems and information comes from humans, through actions that are either malicious or ignorant 3 . Attackers, trying to do harm, exploit vulnerabilities in a system or security policy employing various methods and tools to achieve their aims. Attackers usually have a motive to disrupt normal business operations or to steal information. The above diagram is depicts the types of security threats that exist. The diagram depicts the all threats to the computer systems but main emphasis will be on malicious â€Å"insiders†. The greatest threat of attacks against computer systems are from â€Å"insiders† who know the codes and security measures that are in place 45. With very specific objectives, an insider attack can affect all components of security. As employees with legitimate access to systems, they are familiar with an organizations computer systems and applications. They are likely to know what actions cause the most damage and how to get away with it undetected. Considered members of the family, they are often above suspicion and the last to be considered when systems malfunction or fail. Disgruntled employees create mischief and sabotage against systems. Organizational downsizing in both public and private sectors has created a group of individuals with significant knowledge and capabilities for ma licious activities 6 and revenge. Contract professionals and foreign nationals either brought into the U.S. on work visas to meet labor shortages or from offshore outsourcing projects are also included in this category of knowledgeable insiders. Common Insider Threat Common cases of computer-related employee sabotage include: changing data; deleting data; destroying data or programs with logic bombs; crashing systems; holding data hostage; destroying hardware or facilities; entering data incorrectly, exposing sensitive and embarrassing proprietary data to public view such as the salaries of top executives. Insiders can plant viruses, Trojan horses or worms, browse through file systems or program malicious code with little chance of detection and with almost total impunity. A 1998 FBI Survey 7 investigating computer crime found that of the 520 companies consulted, 64% had reported security breaches for a total quantifiable financial loss of $136 millions. (See chart) The survey also found that the largest number of breaches were by unauthorized insider access and concluded that these figures were very conservative as most companies were unaware of malicious activities or reluctant to report breaches for fear of negative press. The survey reported that the average cost of an attack by an outsider (hacker) at $56,000, while the average insider attack cost a company in excess $2.7 million. It found that hidden costs associated with the loss in staff hours, legal liability, loss of proprietary information, decrease in productivity and the potential loss of credibility were impossible to quantify accurately. Employees who have caused damage have used their knowledge and access to information resources for a range of motives, including greed, revenge for perceived grievances, ego gratification, resolution of personal or professional problems, to protect or advance their careers, to challenge their skill, express anger, impress others, or some combination of these concerns. Insider Characteristics The majority of the insiders were former employees. †¢ At the time of the incident, 59% of the insiders were former employees or contractors of the affected organizations and 41% were current employees or contractors. †¢ The former employees or contractors left their positions for a variety of reasons. These included the insiders being fired (48%), resigning (38%), and being laid off (7%). Most insiders were either previously or currently employed full-time in a technical position within the organization. †¢ Most of the insiders (77%) were full-time employees of the affected organizations, either before or during the incidents. Eight percent of the insiders worked part-time, and an additional 8% had been hired as contractors or consultants. Two (4%) of the insiders worked as temporary employees, and one (2%) was hired as a subcontractor. †¢ Eighty-six percent of the insiders were employed in technical positions, which included system administrators (38%), programmers (21%), engineers (14%), and IT specialists (14%). Of the insiders not holding technical positions, 10% were employed in a professional position, which included, among others, insiders employed as editors, managers, and auditors. An additional two insiders (4%) worked in service positions, both of whom worked as customer service representatives. Insiders were demographically varied with regard to age, racial and ethnic background, gender, and marital status. The insiders ranged in age from 17 to 60 years (mean age = 32 years)17 and represented a variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds. Ninety-six percent of the insiders were male. Forty-nine percent of the insiders were married at the time of the incident, while 45% were single, having never married, and 4% were divorced. Just under one-third of the insiders had an arrest history. Thirty percent of the insiders had been arrested previously, including arrests for violent offenses (18%), alcohol or drug related offenses (11%), and nonfinancial/ fraud related theft offenses (11%). Organization Characteristics The incidents affected organizations in the following critical infrastructure sectors: †¢ banking and finance (8%) †¢ continuity of government (16%) †¢ defense industrial base (2%) †¢ food (4%) †¢ information and telecommunications (63%) †¢ postal and shipping (2%) †¢ public health (4%) In all, 82% of the affected organizations were in private industry, while 16% were government entities. Sixty-three percent of the organizations engaged in domestic activity only, 2% engaged in international activity only, and 35% engaged in activity both domestically and internationally. What motivate insiders? Internal attackers attempt to break into computer networks for many reasons. The subject has been fruitfully studied and internal attackers are used to be motivated with the following reasons [BSB03]: †¢ Challenge Many internal attackers initially attempt to break into networks for the challenge. A challenge combines strategic and tactical thinking, patience, and mental strength. However, internal attackers motivated by the challenge of breaking into networks often do not often think about their actions as criminal. For example, an internal attack can be the challenge to break into the mail server in order to get access to different emails of any employee. †¢ Revenge Internal attackers motivated by revenge have often ill feelings toward employees of the same company. These attackers can be particularly dangerous, because they generally focus on a single target, and they generally have patience. In the case of revenge, attackers can also be former employees that feel that they have been wrongfully fired. For example, a former employee may be motivated to launch an attack to the company in order to cause financial losses. †¢ Espionage Internal attackers motivated by espionage, steal confidential information for a third party. In general, two types of espionage exists: Industrial espionage Industrial espionage means that a company may pay its own employees in order to break into the networks of its competitors or business partners. The company may also hire someone else to do this. International espionage International espionage means that attackers work for governments and steal confidential information for other governments. Definitions of insider threat 1) The definition of insider threat should encompass two main threat actor categories and five general categories of activities. The first actor category, the â€Å"true insider,† is defined as any entity (person, system, or code) authorized by command and control elements to access network, system, or data. The second actor category, the â€Å"pseudo-insider,† is someone who, by policy, is not authorized the accesses, roles, and/or permissions they currently have but may have gotten them inadvertently or through malicious activities. The activities of both fall into five general categories: exceeds given network, system or data permissions; conducts malicious activity against or across the network, system or data; provided unapproved access to the network, system or data; circumvents security controls or exploits security weaknesses to exceed authorized permitted activity or disguise identify; or non-maliciously or unintentionally damages resources (network, system or data) by destruction, corruption, denial of access, or disclosure. (Presented at the University of Louisville Cyber Securitys Day, October 2006) 2) Insiders — employees, contractors, consultants, and vendors — pose as great a threat to an organizations security posture as outsiders, including hackers. Few organizations have implemented the policies, procedures, tools, or strategies to effectively address their insider threats. An insider threat assessment is a recommended first step for many organizations, followed by policy review, and employee awareness training. (Insider Threat Management Presented by infoLock Technologies) 3)Employees are an organizations most important asset. Unfortunately, they also present the greatest security risks. Working and communicating remotely, storing sensitive data on portable devices such as laptops, PDAs, thumb drives, and even iPods employees have extended the security perimeter beyond safe limits. While convenient access to data is required for operational efficiency, the actions of trusted insiders not just employees, but consultants, contactors, vendors, and partners must be actively managed, audited, and monitored in order to protect sensitive data. (Presented by infoLock Technologies) 4) The diversity of cyber threat has grown over time from network-level attacks and password cracking to include newer classes such as insider attacks, email worms and social engineering, which are currently recognized as serious security problems. However, attack modeling and threat analysis tools have not evolved at the same rate. Known formal models such as attack graphs perform action-centric vulnerability modeling and analysis. All possible atomic user actions are represented as states, and sequences which lead to the violation of a specie safety property are extracted to indicate possible exploits. (Ramkumar Chinchani, Anusha Iyer, Hung Ngo, Shambhu Upadhyaya) 5) The Insider Threat Study, conducted by the U.S. Secret Service and Carnegie Mellon Universitys Software Engineering Institute CERT Program, analyzed insider cyber crimes across U.S. critical infrastructure sectors. The study indicates that management decisions related to organizational and employee performance sometimes yield unintended consequences magnifying risk of insider attack. Lack of tools for understanding insider threat, analyzing risk mitigation alternatives, and communicating results exacerbates the problem. (Dawn M. Cappelli, Akash G. Desai) 6) The insider threat or insider problem is cited as the most serious security problem in many studies. It is also considered the most difficult problem to deal with, because an insider has information and capabilities not known to other, external attackers. But the studies rarely define what the insider threat is, or define it nebulously. The difficulty in handling the insider threat is reasonable under those circumstances; if one cannot define a problem precisely, how can one approach a solution, let alone know when the problem is solved? (Matt Bishop 2005) Five common insider threat Exploiting information via remote access software A considerable amount of insider abuse is performed offsite via remote access software such as Terminal Services, Citrix and GoToMyPC. Simply put, users are less likely to be caught stealing sensitive information when they can it do offsite. Also, inadequately protected remote computers may turn up in the hands of a third-party if the computer is left unattended, lost or stolen. 2.) Sending out information via e-mail and instant messaging Sensitive information can simply be included in or attached to an e-mail or IM. Although this is a serious threat, its also one of the easiest to eliminate. 3.) Sharing sensitive files on P2P networks Whether or not you allow peer-to-peer file sharing software such as Kazaa or IM on your network, odds are its there and waiting to be abused. The inanimate software in and of itself is not the problem its how its used that causes trouble. All it takes is a simple misconfiguration to serve up your networks local and network drives to the world. 4.) Careless use of wireless networks Perhaps the most unintentional insider threat is that of insecure wireless network usage. Whether its at a coffee shop, airport or hotel, unsecured airwaves can easily put sensitive information in jeopardy. All it takes is a peek into e-mail communications or file transfers for valuable data to be stolen. Wi-Fi networks are most susceptible to these attacks, but dont overlook Bluetooth on smartphones and PDAs. Also, if you have WLANs inside your organization, employees could use it to exploit the network after hours. 5.) Posting information to discussion boards and blogs Quite often users post support requests, blogs or other work-related messages on the Internet. Whether intentional or not, this can include sensitive information and file attachments that put your organization at risk. Views of different authors about insider threat 1) Although insiders in this report tended to be former technical employees, there is no demographic â€Å"profile† of a malicious insider. Ages of perpetrators ranged from late teens to retirement. Both men and women were malicious insiders. Their positions included programmers, graphic artists, system and network administrators, managers, and executives. They were currently employed and recently terminated employees, contractors, and temporary employees. As such, security awareness training needs to encourage employees to identify malicious insiders by behavior, not by stereotypical characteristics. For example, behaviors that should be a source of concern include making threats against the organization, bragging about the damage one could do to the organization, or discussing plans to work against the organization. Also of concern are attempts to gain other employees passwords and to fraudulently obtain access through trickery or exploitation of a trusted relationship. Insiders can be stopped, but stopping them is a complex problem. Insider attacks can only be prevented through a layered defense strategy consisting of policies, procedures, and technical controls. Therefore, management must pay close attention to many aspects of its organization, including its business policies and procedures, organizational culture, and technical environment. Organizations must look beyond information technology to the organizations overall business processes and the interplay between those processes and the technologies used. (Michelle Keeney, J.D., Ph.D. atal 2005) 2) While attacks on computers by outside intruders are more publicized, attacks perpetrated by insiders are very common and often more damaging. Insiders represent the greatest threat to computer security because they understand their organizations business and how their computer systems work. They have both the confidentiality and access to perform these attacks. An inside attacker will have a higher probability of successfully breaking into the system and extracting critical information. The insiders also represent the greatest challenge to securing the company network because they are authorized a level of access to the file system and granted a degree of trust. (Nam Nguyen and Peter Reiher, Geoffrey H. Kuenning) 3) Geographically distributed information systems achieve high availability that is crucial to their usefulness by replicating their state. Providing instant access at time of need regardless of current network connectivity requires the state to be replicated in every geographical site so that it is locally available. As network environments become increasingly hostile, we have to assume that part of the distributed information system will be compromised at some point. The problem of maintaining a replicated state in such a system is magnified when insider (or Byzantine) attacks are taken into account. (Yair Amir Cristina Nita-Rotaru) 4) In 2006, over 60% of information security breaches were attributable to insider behavior, yet more than 80% of corporate IT security budgets were spent on securing perimeter defenses against outside attack. Protecting against insider threats means managing policy, process, technology, and most importantly, people. Protecting against insider threats means managing policy, process, technology, and most importantly, people.The Insider Threat Assessment security awareness training, infrastructure reconfiguration, or third party solutions, you can take comfort in knowing that you have made the right choice to improve your security posture, and you will achieve your expected Return on Security Investment. (Presented by infoLock Technologies) 5) The threat of attack from insiders is real and substantial. The 2004 ECrime Watch Survey TM conducted by the United States Secret Service, CERT  ® Coordination Center (CERT/CC), and CSO Magazine, 1 found that in cases where respondents could identify the perpetrator of an electronic crime, 29 percent were committed by insiders. The impact from insider attacks can be devastating. One complex case of financial fraud committed by an insider in a financial institution resulted in losses of over $600 million. 2 Another case involving a logic bomb written by a technical employee working for a defense contractor resulted in $10 million in losses and the layoff of 80 employees. (Dawn Cappelli, Andrew Moore, Timothy Shimeall,2005) 6) Insiders, by virtue of legitimate access to their organizations information, systems, and networks, pose a significant risk to employers. Employees experiencing financial problems have found it easy to use the systems they use at work everyday to commit fraud. Other employees, motivated by financial problems, greed, or the wish to impress a new employer, have stolen confidential data, proprietary information, or intellectual property from their employer. Lastly, technical employees, possibly the most dangerous because of their intimate knowledge of an organizations vulnerabilities, have used their technical ability to sabotage their employers system or network in revenge for some negative work-related event. (Dawn M. Cappelli, Akash G. Desai ,at al 2004) 7) The insider problem is considered the most difficult and critical problem in computer security. But studies that survey the seriousness of the problem, and research that analyzes the problem, rarely define the problem precisely. Implicit definitions vary in meaning. Different definitions imply different countermeasures, as well as different assumptions. (Matt Bishop 2005) Solution: User monitoring Insiders have two things that external attackers dont: privileged access and trust. This allows them to bypass preventative measures, access mission-critical assets, and conduct malicious acts all while flying under the radar unless a strong incident detection solution is in place. A number of variables motivate insiders, but the end result is that they can more easily perpetrate their crimes than an outsider who has limited access. Insiders can directly damage your business resulting in lost revenue, lost customers, reduced shareholder faith, a tarnished reputation, regulatory fines and legal fees. With such an expansive threat, organizations need an automated solution to help detect and analyze malicious insider activity. These are some points which could be helpful in monitoring and minimizing the insider threats: Detecting insider activity starts with an expanded log and event collection. Firewalls, routers and intrusion detection systems are important, but they are not enough. Organizations need to look deeper to include mission critical applications such as email applications, databases, operating systems, mainframes, access control solutions, physical security systems as well as identity and content management products. Correlation: identifying known types of suspicious and malicious behavior Anomaly detection: recognizing deviations from norms and baselines. Pattern discovery: uncovering seemingly unrelated events that show a pattern of suspicious activity From case management, event annotation and escalation to reporting, auditing and access to insider-relevant information, the technical solution must be in line with the organizations procedures. This will ensure that insiders are addressed consistently, efficiently and effectively regardless of who they are. Identify suspicious user activity patterns and identify anomalies. Visually track and create business-level reports on users activity. Automatically escalate the threat levels of suspicious and malicious individuals. Respond according to your specific and unique corporate governing guidelines. Early detection of insider activity based on early warning indicators of suspicious behavior, such as: Stale or terminated accounts Excessive file printing, unusual printing times and keywords printed Traffic to suspicious destinations Unauthorized peripheral device access Bypassing security controls Attempts to alter or delete system logs Installation of malicious software The Insider Threat Study? The global acceptance, business adoption and growth of the Internet, and of Internetworking technologies in general, in response to customer requests for online access to business information systems, has ushered in an extraordinary expansion of electronic business transactions. In moving from internal (closed) business systems to open systems, the risk of malicious attacks and fraudulent activity has increased enormously, thereby requiring high levels of information security. Prior to the requirement for online, open access, the information security budget of a typical company was less then their tea and coffee expenses. Securing cyberspace has become a national priority. In The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, the Presidents Critical Infrastructure Protection Board identified several critical infrastructure sectors10: banking and finance information and telecommunications transportation postal and shipping emergency services continuity of government public health Universities chemical industry, textile industry and hazardous materials agriculture defense industrial base The cases examined in the Insider Threat Study are incidents perpetrated by insiders (current or former employees or contractors) who intentionally exceeded or misused an authorized level of network, system, or data access in a manner that affected the security of the organizations data, systems, or daily business operations. Incidents included any compromise, manipulation of, unauthorized access to, exceeding authorized access to, tampering with, or disabling of any information system, network, or data. The cases examined also included any in which there was an unauthorized or illegal attempt to view, disclose, retrieve, delete, change, or add information. A completely secure, zero risk system is one which has zero functionality. Latest technology high-performance automated systems bring with them new risks in the shape of new attacks, new viruses and new software bugs, etc. IT Security, therefore, is an ongoing process. Proper risk management keeps the IT Security plans, policies and procedures up to date as per new requirements and changes in the computing environment. To implement controls to counter risks requires policies, and policy can only be implemented successfully if the top management is committed. And policys effective implementation is not possible without the training and awareness of staff. The State Bank of Pakistan recognizes that financial industry is built around the sanctity of the financial transactions. Owing to the critical role of financial institutions for a country and the extreme sensitivity of their information assets, the seriousness of IT Security and the ever-increasing threats it faces in todays open world cannot be overstated. As more and more of our Banking Operations and products services become technology driven and dependent, consequently our reliance on these technology assets increases, and so does the need to protect and safeguard these resources to ensure smooth functioning of the financial industry. Here are different area in which we can work and check insider threat, but I chose textile industry as in textile industry there is less awareness of the insider threat. If an insider attack in an industry then industrialist try to cover up this news as these types of news about an industry can damage the reputation of the industry. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITRATURE S, Axelsson. ,(2000) Anonymous 2001 Continuity of operations and correct functioning of information systems is important to most businesses. Threats to computerised information and process are threats to business quality and effectiveness. The objective of IT security is to put measures in place which eliminate or reduce significant threats to an acceptable level. Security and risk management are tightly coupled with quality management. Security measures should be implemented based on risk analysis and in harmony with Quality structures, processes and checklists. What needs to be protected, against whom and how? Security is the protection of information, systems and services against disasters, mistakes and manipulation so that the likelihood and impact of security incidents is minimised. IT security is comprised of: Confidentiality: Sensitive business objects (information processes) are disclosed only to authorised persons. ==> Controls are required to restrict access to objects. Integrity: The business need to control modification to objects (information and processes). ==> Controls are required to ensure objects are accurate and complete.